>iXU, . 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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shelf.j.S. 1 J ^ 



UMTED STATES OF AMERICA. 











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PREFACE. 



This pamphlet is pubHshed at the request, of the Salt Lake Real Estate Board, 
for accurate information on the Resources and Attractions of Salt Lake City in 
particular and Utah in general. The writer has spent ten years in exploring the 
Territory for scientific purposes. It is impossible, within the limits assigned me, 
to more than epitomize the subject, and it is necessary to omit the mines almost 
entirely. The information herein contained is from official sources in every case, 
where such information is obtainable. 

This pamphlet is the product of home talent. The typographical work was 
done at the Star Printing Office and speaks for itself. The new engravings were 
executed by the establishment of J. W. Whitecar: they are "Lone Peak," "Lake 
Florence," "Lake Blanche," and all those on the cover; the first three were 
engraved direct from photographs taken by C. R. Savage; the artistic skill 
displayed is of a high order. The composite sketches were drawn and engraved 
by H. L, A. Culmer, and with "A Wasatch Lake by Moonlight" and "Castle 
Gate," were kmdly loaned by him. "Castle Gate" viewed from the canyon was 
kindly furnished by the D. & R. G. W. R. R. 

I am indebted to many gentlemen for official statements of the properties 
under their charge. 

If these few pages shall give an idea of the marvelous resources of this 
Territory, and shall lead people to come here and investigate for themselves,, 
the object of this publication will be accomplished. y 

MARCUS E. JONES. 

Salt Lake City, April 20, 1889. 



Copyrighted by 
MARCrS E. JONES, Salt Lake City 

ISSf). 



RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

-OF- 

SALT LAKE CITY. 



SITUATION. 



Salt Lake City, a place of 30,000 people, is situated at the 
north end of the beautiful Salt Lake valley, 4,297 feet above the 
sea. It is on the southern slope of a spur from the Wasatch 
Mountains, where the waters of City Creek, a clear, rollicking, 
mountain stream, have formed a semi-circular elevation gradually 
shading into the valley below. The City proper lies on this 
rise, being two miles wide and three and a half long. From 
the lower southern wards the land rises gently northward 140 
feet to Brigham street where a steep bench lifts the rest of the 
city above the lops of the houses below, making the finest sites for 
residences and giving a magnificent view of the whole valley as 
well as the Lake and the mountains. From Brigham street 
the ground rises more rapidly over a strip one-quarter of a ni-ile 
wide, but not too rapidly for residences (of which there are many) 
till just below the tower, where it ascends by rapid steps to another 
bench, nine hundred feet above the valley; there it is comparatively 
level for a short distance when it rises abruptly into the mountains. 
We are thus protected on all sides except the south, for the Oquirrh 
mountains bound the valley on the west, while the slope gives us 
the benefit of the warm rays of the winter sun, and the cool breezes 
from the mountains in summer, and the fall is such that we have per- 
fect drainage. The C'ty is laid out in squares; the streets are a 
hundred feet clear, with sixteen-foot sidewalks on each side: the 
blocks are forty rods square, except on the bench, where they are 
smaller; the absence of weeds is everywhere noticeable; rows 
of shade trees are planted along the outside of the walks, where 
gutters carrv the sparkling mountain water in all directions all 
summer long, keeping the trees thrifty, and purifying all within 
their reach. The extensive sewer system now being put in will com- 
plete the drainage. In looking down from the mountains, the City 
in summer seems embowered in shade, while in spring, the thous- 
ands of fruit trees make it brilliant with fragrant blossoms. Go. 
ing eastward from Main street the land rises gently for a mile an^j 



4 RESOU'KCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

a lialf, being occupied b\- the finest residences, churches, scliools 
and hospitals, and then rises abruptly fifty feet into the bench, a 
broad mesa gently sloping to the westward; The brow of this 
bench offers the most excellent opportunities for fine residences to 
be found anywhere, overlooking as it does the whole City and 
having the entire panorama of the City, the Lake, the mountains 
and the valley spread out at its feet It is from one to two miles 
wide and five or more long, having room enough for all Salt Lake 
City as it is to-day. In the suburbs and throughout the wide valley 
are innumerable gardens and farms. There are about fifteen miles 
of street-car lines in the City, in operation ; and cable and electric 
lines are in contemplation. The streets are usually smooth, 
making driving speedy horses a favorite pastime ; Liberty Park 
has a fine course for public use. The streets are lighted by two 
hundred gas lamps ; the principal business houses and hotels are 
also lighted by one hundred and twenty-five electric arc and three 
hundred and fifty incandescent lamps. The telephone system has 
over five hundred subscribers, and is connected with all the neigh- 
boring towns to a distance of fift}' miles around. The City has an 
excellent system of water works, being supplied from a i)ure 
mountain stream, and having a very strong pressure in the h)'drants. 
In the lower wards, beyond the hydrants, a fine quality of artesian 
water is obtainable everywhere at a depth varying from twenty-five 
to one hundred and twenty-five feet. 

REAL ESTATE. 

Salt Lake offers good o})portunities for the investment of 
capital in real estate: titles are secure; the City is exceptionally 
quiet and orderly; we have good society, churches and schools; we 
have an unusually large number of manufactures; this is the business 
center of the whole Territory; it is the present and future railroad 
center of Utah; we are nearest to the finest bathing, and have 
access to the most mountain resorts. About $3,000,000 of outside 
capital have been invested in real estate in Salt Lake in the last two 
years. During 1888 there were $1,126,400 worth of buildings 
erected in Salt Lake, which was an advance of $285,796 over 
1887. Property can be bought at reasonable figures. Each block 
(10 acres' is divided into eight lots, 10 by 20 rods in size, these 
are again divided into halves or cjuarters, thus they are unusually 
wide and extend so far back as to give plenty of room for all 
purposes Business property on Main street is high, but on West 
Temple or First East prices are very reasonable; the latter will be 
the street for dry goods and groceries while the former will be 
occupied by wholesale and the like establishments. On First, Sec- 
ond and Third South, business streets, prices are also reasonable. 

Residence property is of all grades, cjualities and prices. There 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 5 

are a number of desirable building sites to be obtained near the 
business part of the town, farther out there are more and a greater 
variety, on the north bench overlooking the City are many fine lots 
where any kind of a situation or view is obtainable up to an eleva- 
tion of a thousand feet. On the east bench will be the great 
body of the fine residences of the future. This bench, like the 
other, was once the shore, the broad beach of the Lake, in times 
gone by, being elevated some 50 feet or more above the rest of the 
City and rises higher as it approaches the mountains: it extends 
from the north bench almost directly southward five or six miles, 
and goes back from one to two miles till it rises abruptly into the 
mountains, forming a smooth table-land admirably adapted to resi- 
dences. In the northeastern corner I "ort Douglas a beautiful 
military post is situated. The sunsets to be seen from this locality 
are equal, and some say superior, to those under Italian skies, it is 
hardly possible that they can be excelled anywhere. The whole 
western sky is one mass of brilliant gold ; the thin, light blue 
clouds, floating above, are edged with pink, and the Lake below, 
sparkling, throws back the colors in a narrow pathway between 
the dark blue islands and mountains, which every moment grow 
more and more shadowy. As the sun. goes down all the little flecks 
of clouds through the sky, even beyond the zenith, and all the 
larger ones to the westward, are aglow with crimson, while to the 
eastward the great Wasatch rise far up in the sky, with their 
mantles of snow, cold, blue and dark ; there are few places where 
the rich warmth and glow of the tropics and the piercing cold of 
winter are so strangely blended ; and yet the scene is never twice 
the same ; our ever-changing mountains and gorgeous sunsets are 
constant delights to those living on the elevations about the City. 
The water supply is abundant, for there are Red Butte, Emigra- 
tion, Parley's and Mill Creek canons, whose waters (much more 
abundant than City Creek) can be conducted all over this bench 
with any pressure desired. This place it peculiarly favored by 
cool summer breezes, and is very fertile: the City has already 
extended over the edge of it. Along the brow is an opportunity 
for fine residences unequaled anywhere. On this mesa lots are to 
be had at reasonable prices, while farther back acreage is still held 
at fair figures. Terrace Heights is laid out on the extreme 
eastern side, while Popperton Place and Ehrick's subdivisions 
are on the north and west. The Salt Lake and Fort Douglas 
R. R. furnishes transportation to and from the City, since it 
traverses this bench. On the south side of the Cit}^ in the 
valley, are many platted blocks and additions so graded in price 
that an3'one can secure what he wants. Here the artesian water is 
secured at a slight cost, and rises from five to twenty feet above the 
surface, furnishing all sorts of little fountains wiih no fear of water 
tax or interference from others. This is perhaps the most beau- 



6 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

tiful part of the valley. There are innumerable little plats of 
ground bearing luxuriant crops of lucerne. The ground has a 
gentle slope to the west, sufficient for drainage, but smooth and 
even, and admirably adapted for platting and suburban homes. 
It is three miles wide and of indefinite length. Three railroads run 
through it and car lines will be constructed before long. There 
has been a great demand for property in this direction. The sub- 
divisions and additions in the southern part of the City and vicinity 
are Ehrich's, and Rice & Gelder's subdivisions, and Walker's, 
Geneva, Liberty Park, Inglewood, and Muscatine additions. On 
the west side of the City more' additions have been laid out than 
anywhere else and property has been bought up and sold again to 
a distance of six miles or more from the City. The fact that 
wealthy people have taken hold of these additions and are pushing 
them, proposing to build dummy lines, and the fact that several 
railroads will some day be built westward have made those lands 
quite active with a prospect of continuing indefinitely. There also 
the union railroad depot will be eventually. Sales are being made 
in this direction every day. Here also manufacturing establish- 
ments will naturally gather. In the western part of the Cit\- are 
Hunter's, Heath's, and Michener's subdivisions, and Highland 
Park, Glendale Park, Garden City, Garden City Addition, Buena 
\'ista, and Eldorado additions. In the northwestern part of the 
City is North Salt Lake where the manufacturing interests are 
now located. It is wonderful how this has been built up in the last 
two vears. On the north of the city are Wilkes's, Amos's, and 
Lynch & Glasmann's subdivisions, and Jennings's, Lake \'iew. City 
View, Capitol Hill, and Grand View additions. 

There are excellent opportunities for investment all over the 
City, whatever a man's business ma}- be, or in whatever way he 
may wish to use his money. 

WEALTH. 

The assessed valuation of Salt Lake County is $22,000,000 
the actual value $50,000,000; this is exclusive of the mines and 
money of non-residents loaned. The value of the mines in the 
county is $50,000,000, based on the selling price of their stock. 
The total tax levy is 17 mills. The tax is collected within three- 
fourths of one per cent. The bonded debt is $350,00:^. The area 
of the county is 700 square miles. No adequate idea of our wealth 
can be obtained without comparing it with that of other cities. 
Let us take Los Angeles, the most widely advertised city .n the 
Union and one which is claimed to be a paradise for the investor 
as well as the health-seeker. By their statements, Los Angeles is 
108 years old; Salt Lake is 42: the}- claim a population of Ho, 000 
to 90,000; we 30,000, in other words they are nearly three to our 



OF SALT LAKE CITV. 7 

one. The assessed valuation of our city property is $15,000,000; 
theirs should be $40,000,000, it is actually $39,500,000; their taxes 
are 19 mills; ours 17 mills: the area of their county is 4,813.5 
square miles; ours is 700, or seven times as small as theirs; their 
county population is over 150,000; ours will not exceed 40,000: 
they have 47 towns, 16 of which have 1,000 or more inhabitants 
and one of them 12,000; we have four small towns: the assessed 
valuation of our county is $22,000,000; theirs in the same ratio 
should be $154,000,000, it is less than $103,000,000: if our mines 
were put in at the regular rate, Los Angeles's wealth to equal ours 
should be over $3®o,ooo,ooo: the total crop as reported by them 
for 1888 was not over $5,000,000 in value, this included all their 
fruit and small grain ; our mines produced in the same time over 
$10,000,000 to say nothing of our fruit and farm products, and our 
stock which latter is greater than theirs. The value of our 
bullion produced to date more than equals the assessed value 
of all Los Angeles county, and yet we are still in our swaddling 
clothes as to future financial greatness. If our resources were de- 
veloped as they should be we would be producing bullion annually 
equal to the value of all Los Angeles count)'. We would not 
disparage Los Angeles, we wish to show that we are not behind the 
foremost in wealth. 

SALT LAKE AS A BUSINESS CENTER. 

No place was ever better adapted by nature as a business 
center than this. Salt Lake is also the only city of any size be- 
tween Denver and Sacramento, a distance of nearly 1,500 miles: 
she has no great rival to the south, nor to the north for three hun- 
dred miles or more. As all the valleys of the eastern part of the 
Great Basin open into Great Salt Lake, so Salt Lake, being the 
m.ost accessible, is the natural center. She is fed by a region 
greater than all the Atlantic States from Maine to Florida. Salt 
Lake is situated so close to the Wasatch that she has an abundant 
water supply of the finest quality; in healthfulness and protection 
from the elements, in mineral springs, in mountain and lake resorts 
she is superior; but her great strength lies in her geographical posi- 
tion. The Uintas, the loftiest range of mountains in Utah, abut 
on the Wasatch at right angles, just east of the City, run east for 
a long distance, and are so high that no railway will ever pass over 
them; so all transcontinental roads striking for California must 
either go north or south of them. Those going north will naturally 
hug close to the mountains because of the limitless supply of tim- 
ber for ties and lumber, as well as opportunities for agriculture and 
stock-raising. The grade is not very difficult; the route is the only 
unoccupied one to the City, and this is the only direct route 
through the coal fields nearest us. It is only fifty miles through 



8 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

these to this place, past one of the richest mining camps of Utah 
which is producing milhons annually and capable of unlimited ex- 
tension; while by any other route there is a detour of at least a 
hundred miles, through a region already occupied, where there is 
room for but one track for a number of miles. Besides this any 
railroad going to Ogden must make a detour of at least fifty miles 
either way to get around Great Salt Lake, all this is avoided by 
going directly through Salt Lake City. Any railroad going south 
of the Uintas and bound for the Coast, must leave Northern Utah 
out entirely or ascend the natural highway of» the Duchesne river 
and its branches, through a region of great fertility, timber, etc., 
thence through Kamas Prairie past the coal fields, and thence 
around Park City, over the divide and down to the City. Should 
such a road prefer to cross over to the Provo river and down 
to Provo, it will be without coal, and must make a long detour 
around Utah Lake, and cross two passes already occupied, or 
make a longer detour before getting out on the desert. All this is 
avoided by going past Salt Lake. There is but one level grade 
past the lofty Oquirrh and Aqui Mountains or their southern ex- 
tensions, and that is by Salt Lake and Garfield, where is as fine 
bathing as can be found anywhere. This will save many thous- 
ands of dollars to a road bound for the Coast. Any railroad 
bound north or south will also pass through Salt Lake, since there 
is nothing on the western edge of the Lake to attract it com- 
pared with the other side. Since this pamphlet was begun the 
Union Pacific has decided to make Salt Lake the headquarters of 
the whole western part of the system, and to have all its lines cen- 
ter here. The Utah & Northern is to be changed to a broad gauge 
and to be consolidated with the Utah Central; the Utah & Nevada 
will also be changed to a standard gauge; the Utah Central will be 
pushed in several directions and the Los Angeles road will be one of 
the extensions. The D. & R. G. W. R. R. is now delivering the rails 
along the track for widening the road to standard gauge, when the 
Colorado Midland and D. & R. G. will unite with it at Grand 
Junction and come into the city on this line. 

Besides this, as all roads led to Rome, so all roads lead to 
Salt Lake City. For over forty years she has been the business 
center of Utah; here the wealth is collected; here many great en- 
terprises are started; this is the distributing point of the whole 
Territory. Possession is nine points in the law; Salt Lake has 
possession and she intends to keep it. She has large business 
houses of almost every description; she has more manufactures, 
more smelters, than any place near, twice over; she has large 
water power near by; she has plenty of room to grow, and can 
base that growth on a foundation more stable than her unexcelled 
climate, or boom; she bases it on agriculture, manufacturing and 
mining. 



OF SALT LAKK CITY. 



BUSINESS. 



The business of Salt Lake is much greater than it appears on 
the surface, since the large smelters are so close that the\- are 
really a part of the city, but all their business is accredited to a 
separate station. The following is the amount of freight in pounds 
received and forwarded from Salt Lake b}- the two railroads dur- 
ing 1888: 



*UTAH CENTRAL RAILWAY 



Merchandise 
Live Stock . . 

Coal 

Salt 

Hay 

Fruit, etc 



RECEIVED. 

57,210,4.53 lbs 

4,359,b38 •• 

73,089,585 " 

200,000 " 

7."),00l) " 

y,")50,102 " 



DENVER <fe RIO GRANDE WESTERN 



Merchandise 49,711,960 

Livestock 120,(100 

Coal 75,262,170 

Silt ll,2"l> 

Hay 172,500 

*Utah Central is for eleven months only. 



FOKWAUDED. 

4l'p,«.52,s72 lbs. 
l,tit;5,5i.0 " 

(i44,400 " 
8,864,201 " 

2.-)5,400 " 
2,S9li,9fr4 " 



11,436,470 

273,01)0 

42,400 

1,724,440 

8.o4,( 00 



The Utah & Nevada Railway received 21,205,193 lbs.; forwarded 12,592,9.il. 

The following is the Bullion Statement for 1888: 



WELLS FAKGO & CO 'S STATEMENT OF THE MINERAL PKODICT 
OF UTAH FOR 1888. 







•cd 


a ■ \ ^ n.-^ 


"O . 


"O S M 




cS 


a 




C C 






mP- 


HiJcE 


S5 m5.£:- 




^ -5 
















~ C 






X -. 


ir-K-rr 




'-a 


1-4 ;3 


0" 




0-" 


C.- oJ 


Germania Lead Works 


499,2.50 


7,072,700 




442,137 


2,386 


Han:\uer Smelter 




9,8S-/,000 




522,"i'in 




2,363 


Miutio Furnace Co. 


256,51& 


5,129,100 




247,7(is 




2,276 


Dalv Mining Co 




1,283,162 


856,438' 238,311 


088 


318 


Ontario Silver Mining Co. 




1,924,702 


l,074,k6o 930,625 




1,058 


Silver Reef District 






263,466 3,000 






Other Mines and Placer.^ . 






l,769j 


444 
1032 




Net Product Bars and Base Bullion . 


755,769 


25,291,664 


2,196,638' 2,384,38. 


8,401 


Ore Shipped 




18,150,778 


2,393,10c 




- 4,045 


Copper Ore, Bullion and Matte sliipped 


2,131,047 


1,124,715 


204,728 




408 


Totals 


2,886,816 


44,567,157 


2,196,638] 3,982,217 


1032 


12,854 



RECAPITrLATION. 

2.886,816 lbs. Copper at 10 cents per lb I 288,681 60 

44,567.157 lbs. rnrefined Lead at *54 per ton 1,203,313 23 

6,178,855 ozs. Fine Silver at *0.>!32,<i per ounce 5,787.527 51 

13,886 ozs. Fine Gold at f20 per ounce 277 720 00 

Total Export Valtie $7,.557,242 34 

Computing the Gold and Silver attlieir Mint valuation, and other metals at -heir value 
at the seaboard! it would increase the value of the product to tl0,9i'3,78l.02. 



10 



RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 



COMPAK.\TIVE STATEMENT, 

Showing the <i"i"li'y <•' the Silver and Gold contained in Base Bullion and Ores pro- 
duced in ftah; 





« 6 

«£. . 


So 

=11 


iices of Sli- 
er in Ores 
d Ba.sc Bul- 
lion. 


Junoes of 
Old in Ores 
and Base 
Bullion. 


"3 

1 - 

ail's ~ 


5 

■He's 

«C52 




." «M 


*" C 


s *• s 


'^ 




V 






'' 


2.102.098 




Oh 


i^ 


1877 


4,359,703 


17.325 


ii.att 


48 2-10 


63 6-10 


1878 


4.3.57,328 


15,040 


2.10K.339 


10,165 


4S 3-10 


67 5-10 


1879 


3,^■35,047 


15,932 


1,797..589 


5,693 


46 8-10 


35 7-10 


1880 


3,7K1,.'66 


8.02O 


1,4113.819 


2,878 


37 110 


35 8-10 


1881 


6,400.101 


7.9.58 


2,643,899 


2,622 


48 9-10 


32 9-10 


1882 


.-..435,444 


9,089 


2,581,789 


5,016 


47 3-10 


55 5-10 


1883 


4.5:<1,763 


6,991 


2.351. 190 


5,.597 


51 8-10 


80 


18M 


.5,ti69,48S 


5,.530 


3.i53,9M 


3,806 


.57 4-10 


68 8-10 


1885 


.5,972,689 


8,903 


3,189,.^76 


7,289 


.53 4-10 


81 8-10 


1886 


5,918.842 


10,577 


2,838,2r.3 


8,369 


47 9-10 


79 1-10 


1887 


6.161,737 


11,387 


4,049,273 


10,714 


65 7-10 


94 


1888 


6.178.855 


13.886 


3,982,217 


12,854 


64 4-10 


92 5-10 



The Western Union Telegraph Co. received 161,847 messages 
in 18S8, an increase of 20,631 over 1887. Salt Lake is connected 
by telegraph with almost every town in the Territory, as well as 
the outside world by several lines. 

The following is the business of the Post Ofifice in 1888, fur- 
nished through the kindness of Assistant Postmaster Anderson: 

POST OFFICE REPORT, 1888. 





Received. 


Forwarded. 


Total. 


SALT LAKE— Letters 

Postals 

Circulars 


1,527,426 

122,305 

525,240 

2,174,971 

2.381,088 

3a3,:w 

1,667.283 
4.381,678 


1,465,281 
109,562 
82,525 

l,a57,3<;8 

2,055,100 
401.348 
257,782 

2.714,230 


2.992.707 
231.8<i7 
607,765 


Total 


3,832,339 


»LOS ANGELES-Letters 

Postals 

Circulars 

Total 


4,436.188 

734.65.5 

1,925,0»>.5 

7,095,908 


SALT LAKE— Money Orderc, Domestic 
" " Foreign . 
Postal Notes 

Total 

LOS ANGELES-Money Orders, Domestic 
Foreign . . 

Postal Notes 

Total 


Paid. 

241,750 

4,480 

20,894 

267,124 

337.(149 
24,807 
11,557 

373.413 


Issued. 

149,9.58 
20,040 
15.406 

185.406 

337.593 
77.801 
18,774 

434.168 


Total 

331,708 

20..5H) 

36,300 

448,5'.'7 

674,t;42 

102,60S 

30,331 

807,581 



•The Los Angeles statement is only for 11 months, 
nual" for 1888. 



Taken from the "Tribune An- 



The registered packages handled at the Salt Lake City office 
proper were 40,689. The amount of second-class matter forwarded 
was 253,204 pounds 

Though Los Angeles is nearly three times as large as Salt 
Lake, she does hardly 65 per cent, more post office business than 
this city. This is doubtless due to her enervating climate. 



OF SALT LAKK CITV. 11 

The business of the U. S. Land Office was great but it is not 
obtainable at present. 

The amount of money deposited in the banks of Salt Lake is 
$7,000,000. The amount of money put into real estate by new 
comers during the last two years is $3,000,000. 

We have business houses of almost every description. Among 
them are seven banks, and the Z. C. M. I. mammoth wholesale and 
retail store which did a business of $4,000,000 in 1888. There are 
a number of business blocks which cost from $50,000 to $100,000. 

Salt Lake has a Chamber of Commerce. 

MANUFACTURES 

The Deseret Woolen Mill now being erected is 60 by 160 feet, 
three stories high, and is to cost $75,000. It will make dress 
goods, flannels, linse3-s, blankets, yarn, hosiery, knit goods, etc., 
and employ 100 hands. There are a number of other woolen mills 
in the Territory and yet there is room. One mill alone used over 
50,000 pounds of wool in 1888. Our Utah flannels have the best 
reputation of all goods of the kind, being in great demand through- 
out the Mississippi Valley. There is one small knitting factory, 
greatly in need of more capital to enlarge and thus supply the de- 
mand for such goods. 

The Deseret Paper Mill has been in operation for several 
jears, it makes book, news, poster, manilla, hardware, rag and 
straw wrapping paper. It cost $85,000, is four stories high, and 
employs 30 hands. There is room for a large paper-making estab- 
lishment, to supply this inter-mountain region. The freights are 
sufficiently high to make such an enterprise successful, if properly 
managed, and first-class paper were produced. 

The Z. C. M. I. boot, shoe and overall factory is 66 by 250 
feet, five stories high, cost with machinery $60,000 and employs 
200 hands. It turns out 500 pairs of boots and shoes per day. 
The overall factory turns out nearly 400 per day, and will double 
its capacity this spring. This institution runs its own tannery and 
produces 200 sides of oak-tanned leather per week, it consumes 
400 to 500 tons of tan-bark per annum. It buys all its paper 
boxes of the home factory, and its paper of the paper mill. There 
is plenty of room for another and larger establishment of the same 
kind in this region. 

Salt Lake has three first-class fiour mills; the largest cost 
$50,000 and has a capacity of 400 barrels per day. These mills 
turn out a high grade of flour. They are equipped with the most 
improved roller machinery. 

We have a number of large machine shops and foundries, 
employing a considerable force of men, and capable of turning out 
almost any kind of work. There are also the two railroad round- 



12 IIKSOUKCES AND ATTKACTloNS 

houses, and very extensive machine shops of the D. tV R. G. W. 
and Utah Central railways, where locomotives are made over, cars 
built, and all sorts of heavy work done. These employ 150 men. 
The half-dozen planing mills also employ a considerable force of men. 

The glass works employ 75 men, and have a capacity of 550 
dozen bottles per day: they make fruit jars, demijohns, vials, 
fiasks, soda water and apollinaris bottles. The materials for 
making glass of every grade are so pure, abundant and close at 
hand, that the manufacture of window glass and plate, ;itc., will be 
a very profitable venture for some one. 

The chemical works near by produced all the soda-ash used in 
the glass works, as well as carbonate, bi-carbonate and hypo-sul- 
phite of soda. Since thousands of tons of sulphate of soda are 
produced on the shores of Great Salt Lake by precipitation in 
winter (caused by the cold >, and costs nothing but the gathering, 
there is a great opportunity for the manufacture of chemicals. 
This institution has been greatly hampered by lack of capital. 

Salt is made in large quantities in the shallow basins opening 
into Great Salt Lake, from the waters of the Lake, by evaporation. 
The water of the Lake is now about 20 per cent. salt. These salt 
ponds produce nearly 100,000 tons per annum, and are capable of 
unlimited production as fast as there is any demand. The cost of 
production is about one dollar per ton on the ground. There are 
about 6,000,000,000 tons of salt in the Lake. There is a great de- 
mand for salt for chloridizing ores, and large (juantities are shipped 
ail over the inter-mountain region and east even to Chicago. Re- 
fined salt is also made which is superior to eastern salt, being 99 
per cent, pure, and we are now shipping to the great packing house 
of Omaha. Besides the lake salt we have heavy deposits of rock- 
salt in Central Utah, which is mined by the car-load. This salt is 
much used by stockmen, as the cla}' in it prevents it from being 
easily dissolved. 

Besides the manufactures, already mentioned, the following 
employ a large number of men in the aggregate, but could employ 
many more if they had the needed capital to enlarge: silk, hats 
and caps, crackers, bakeries, vinegar works, cand}-, soda water, 
soap, type, books, medicines, cigars, mattresses, slat fences, furni- 
ture, scroll-sawing, turning, trunks, brooms, matches, paper-boxes, 
musical instruments, baskets, bricks (26,000,000 made in 18H8), 
potteries, tanneries, fire-brick, lime, axle- grease, boilers, bone-ash, 
charcoal, engraving, etc., etc. There are $5,000,000 invested in 
local manufactures, and 1200 men are employed. 

NEEDED MANUFACTURES. 

A rolling mill and general iron manufactory costing ^500,000 
to $1,000,000 offers the best opportunity for the investment ci 



OF SALT LAKK (ITY. 13 

large capital. Our deposits are acknowledged to be the largest in 
the United States. There are four regions of special value in the 
Territory, and innumerable other places where all sorts of ores 
occur in greater or less abundance. Near Iron Springs there is a 
deposit fifteen miles long containing millions of tons of ore, which 
Prof. J. S. NeAvberry, of Columbia College, pronounces the best in 
the United States. This ore will average ahout 60 per cent, me- 
tallic iron. It is chiefly magnetite and hematite, much of it being 
lodestone. Fair samples of these ores assaj'ed as follows: 









Per cont. 


Per cent. 


Pt^r cerii. 


Per cent. 






M 


etallic Iron. 


Pho.sphoru.-i. 


.Sulphur. 


Silica. 


Irou Co 


No. 1 ... 




(;2.c> 


None. 


.12 


4.!S 


" 


No. 2 . 




»ill9 


" 


.08 


■ ). 1 


" 


No. 3 




114. 


.12 


Trace. 


Not given. 


Norway 


No. 1 

No 2 

No. 3 
No. 4 




til.53 
til.l2 
59.22 
56. 


None. 


None. 


0.0 

5. 
2. 
3- 



Analyses of limestone near by go in lime 80 per cent. 
Analyses of coal near by go as foLows : 





Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent 




Water. 


Volatile. 


Fxd. Carbon. 


Ash. 


Sulphur 


Walker No. 1 ... 


4.75 


.39.62 


4.5.99 


9.64 




No. 2 


... 4. 12 


40.15 
39.9 


45.82 
45.47 


9.90 
10.12 


2.36 


Levson 


4.50 


1.79 




3.33 


41.62 

38.55 


47 37 
47.27 


7.67 
6. 




Lone Tree 


8.17 


2.45 



Though this coal will not make coke, it will do the work ordi- 
narily required'of coal. The very best charcoal can be made close 
at hand from the pinyon pine {Pmus monophyllos), or the mountain 
mahogany {Cercocarpiis ledifolius). So all that is lacking is coke to 
complete the necessary material already on the ground. This want 
can be supplied either by the Fairview, or Castle Gate coal. 
Analvses of these are as follows: 



Fairview, 

Castle Gate No. 1. 
Castle Gate No. 2 



er cent. 


Per cent. 


Pr cent. Fixed 


Per cent 


Water. 


Volatile. 


Carbon. 


.\sh. 




43.9 


.52.21 


3.81 


1.3 


42.3 


52. 


3.9 


2.9 


43.08 


63.02 • 


3. 



As the Fairview coal has actually been made into coke and 
several tons were used in smelting iron successfully, its value is a 
matter of record. The Iron Springs iron had a practical test some 
fifteen years ago, before there were any railroad facilities: dies for 
stamps were made, as well as pig-iron, for the Pioche mills; those 
who used the iron pronounced it excellent. This iron contains no 
titanic acid. All the samples but Iron Co. No. 3 will make good 
steel. The Norway, near this City, averages the best iron in the 
Territory. By the analyses given above the proportion of silica is 
nearly right, while there is no phosphorus, sulphur, nor titanic acid; 
it therefore cannot well be excelled for steel. Plenty of charcoal 
can be made close at hand, while it is but a few miles to the Coal- 
ville deposits of coal, assaying, water 10.32 per cent., volatile 38.9 



14 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

per cent., fixed carbon 46.37 per cent., ash 4.3 per cent. The 
Castle Gate coke can be laid down here much cheaper than at 
any other good iron deposit. At Ogden some years ago a com- 
pany leased ground and erected furnaces, etc., and made a trial 
run. The following is a detailed statement of the trial: 

EXPERIMENTAL BLAST. 

Charcoal, 134,400 pounds. 

Fairvlew Coke, 36,000 

Total Fuel, 170,400 

Limestone Flux, .. 46,644 " 

TinticOre, 6..'>00 

Wlllard Ore, 60,462 

Norway Ore, 96.188 

Bare berger's Ore, 70,300 " 

Total Ore, 23.S,450 

Product, Pig Iron, 114,000 

The width of the furnace was 8 feet, hight 65 feet, wind pres- 
sure (max.) i^ pounds, maximum temperature of hot blast goo 
degrees, daily yield of furnace on maximum pressure of blast 10 
tons, average weight of ore to the ton of pig 4095.6 pounds, aver- 
age yield of ore to the ton of pig 48.83 per cent., average weight 
of fuel to the ton of pig 2989.65 pounds, average weight of flux to 
the ton of pig 820 pounds. The Willard is specular iron ore. 
The Tintic ore did not work well, supposed to contain titanic acid. 
This tesL was made by Mr. Broden of the Reading Iron Works, 
Pa. Soon afterwards the D. & R. G. W. railroad was finished 
to Ogden and bought of the city the ground on which the works 
were built, and so came into possession of the buildings; as they 
had similar works in Colorado they did not desire competition. 
This ended the Ogden Iron Works. The writer has seen some of 
this iron which is malleable in the pig. Our foundrymen pro- 
nounce it the best they ever used. The Willard deposit is good 
ore. The Tintic ore is much used as a flux by all the smelters be- 
cause of the silica, as well as the small portion of gold and silver 
in it. It is quite probable also that some of this ore will yet prove 
to be first-class. There are countless tons of ore in the Willard, 
Tintic and Bamberger's deposits. There will be a great demand 
soon for steel rails, since there are to be three transcontinental 
roads through here during the next few years, with several thous- 
and iniles of track. The iron can just as well be made here as to 
be shipped from the East. Such works would pave the way for 
wire-works, stoves, nails, bolts, bar-iron, steel goods, locomotive 
works, hcavN machinery for mines, etc., employing thousands of 
men. 

Not far from Iron Springs an extensive deposit of manganese 
has been found, and it will enhance greatly the value of our manufac- 
tured steel. 

Another great industry would be the manufacture of lead pro- 
ducts. The refined article is produced at our doors, always at a 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 15 

cost far below the price in the East. Here could be made white 
lead, Htharge, etc., sheet lead, lead pipes, type, and the whole 
western region could be supplied with shot, for we have excellent 
antimony deposits. 

An allied industry is the making of copper chemicals, brass, 
bronze, copper sheeting, wire, etc. Copper is over 30 per cent, 
less in price here than on the seaboard. 

The same advantage that we have in copper and lead we also 
have in silver and gold. There is no better place than Salt Lake for a 
great chemical establishment, where the price of silver will always 
be lowest, and where every facility is at hand. Utah produces the 
only sulphur made in the United States, and the price here is nom- 
inal; from it sulphuric acid can be made cheaply, and so by this 
nitric and hydro-chloric acid, and the endless train of chemicals 
which depend upon these, such as nitrate of silver, chloride of 
gold, photograph chemicals in general, copperas, blue vitriol, etc. 

Another great industry is the manufacture of farina and potato 
starch. Utah produces annually 60,000,000 pounds of potatoes, 
shipping them to California, Colorado, Chicago, St. Louis, etc., 
where they carry off all the honors. Our potatoes often weigh 
eight pounds, without any cavities either. We sometimes raise 
500 bushels to the acre. We could just as well supply the West 
with starch and farina as to import it. 

There are fine opportunities for large potteries,terra-cotta, plaster 
of Paris, and porcelain works. We have all kinds of pottery clays, 
fire-clay, thousands of tons of pure gypsum, and kaolin. We have 
some small potteries in operation, but nothing of any moment. 

In the manufacture of Portland cement, cement pipes, etc., 
we have the right materials; the clay assays as follows: 

No. I — Silica 53.313 per cent.; alumina 12.25 per cent.; oxide 
of iron 5.492 per cent.; carbonate of lime 17.99 P^'^ cent.: mag- 
nesia 10.928 per cent. 

No. 2. — Silica 55.07 per cent.; alumina 21.516 per cent : oxide 
of iron 4.394 per cent ; carbonate of lime ii.i per cent. 

The necessary limestone of pure quality is only half a mile 
from the works. A strong company is about to be organized to 
work this material. 

The manufacture of silk offers many inducements to capital. 
The '-Hmate 'P such that oiulberry trees grow here luxuriantly. 
There is one small establishment using a hand loom, which makes 
handkerchiefs and is crowded with work, but is greatly hampered 
by lack of funds to put in the necessary machinery for preparing 
the raw silk and for weaving large quantities of fabrics. 

There are ample opportunities for canneries, for making jams, 
jellies, marmalades, etc. 

We ship thousands of pounds of dried fruit throughout the 



16 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

West and even to New England: the fruit is dried in a primitive 
way, in the sun; a good evaporating establishment would pay well. 

The manufacture of beet sugar would keep $1,000,000 at 
home. Our root crops are acknowledged to be superior. 

The manufacture of sorghum is already reaching goodly pro- 
portions. 

Utah raises many thousands of cattle, sheep and hogs, but we 
have no packing-house, nor preserved meat establishment. There 
is a good opportunity for the manufacture of glue and candles. 
We need creameries greatly. 

There is a good opportunity for a stone-cutting and polishing 
establishment, and lapidary in general. We have no conveniences 
in this line except the old way, by hand. Salt Lake has over five 
cubic miles of the finest granite; she has large quantities of buff, 
gray, and red sandstone, which she already ships to various 
eastern localities; there are also large quantities of all sorts of 
marble from the purest white to mottled and black; and yet we 
have no machinery for properly preparing stone. 

We have a good quality of lithographic stone, but no litho- 
graph establishment in the Territory; we send thousands of dollars 
East for such work. 

Other needed industries are the making of carriages and 
wagons, agricultural implements, window and plate glass, essences, 
powder (we have valuable saltpetre beds), jewelry, fire-brick, cru- 
cibles, rope, bags, iron and fire-proof paints, ordinary paints, var- 
nish, paraffine, asphaltum, foundry facings and lead pencils, 
electrotyping and stereotyping, tinware, etc. 

We have in this Territory almost every kind of material needed 
for manufactures; we have such an excellent climate that there is 
scarcely a da}' lost in outside work by bad weather; this is an item 
of no small importance in some localities. 

PROFESSIONAL MEN, LABORERS, ETC 

Of professional men wc have a surplus of doctors, lawyers, 
mining and civil engineers: we have plenty of teachers and musi- 
cians: we have a number of very fine landscape and portrait 
painters; we have the champion type-writer of America; we have 
a full supply of railroad men. Carpenters receive $3.50 to $4.50 
per day; masons $4.00 to $4.50; stonecutters S4.00 to S4.50; black- 
smiths $3.00 to S3. 50; miners 53.50 to $4.00; laborers $1.50 to 
?2.()<i: herders S^cjoo to S40.00 per month; farm hands 530.00. 

RAILROADS. 

The Union Pacific is the pioneer railroad of Utah. It was 
finished to Ogden in 1869, and tlie Utah Central, now a part of the 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 17 

U. p., was built to Salt Lake in 1870, it was afterwards extended 
southward through all the leading settlements, and finished to 
Frivco, 225 miles, in 1880. Though these extensions do not go 
through the mountains, they pass by some very fine scenery and 
beautiful valleys. The Union Pacific has good scenery along the 
main line in Echo Canyon, scenery which is the delight of every 
through traveler. The branch line running from Echo to Park 
City, the largest mining camp in Utah, passes through the 
coal fields of Coalville, and is at present the only railroad to Park 
City. The amount of business done by this short line is very 
great. This line is also the one taken by tourists who desire to en- 
joy the magnificent scenery, fine camping, fishing and hunting on 
the Weber, and in the Uintas the loftiest and wildest mountains 
of Utah. The Salt Lake & Western is another branch of the 
U. P.: starting at Lehi, it goes 57.3 miles to Tintic, where it taps 
one of the great mining camps. The output of these mines is 
much, and is rapidly increasing. From here also comes most of 
the iron ore used for fluxing in the smelters. The Utah & Nevada, 
a narrow gauge road, is also a branch of the U. P. This goes di- 
rectly west from the City, past the Lake, nearly to Stockton, a dis- 
tance of 37 miles, where it receives the ores of Stockton, Ophir, 
Dry Canyon, etc. On this road, 19 miles from the City, is situated 
the splendid bathing resort, Garfield, of which more will be said 
hereafter. This railroad also touches the salt ponds and gets much 
business from them. The Utah & Northern, another narrow gauge, 
is the last branch of the U. P. It runs northward from Ogden to 
Butte City, passing through Cache valley, one of the largest and 
most fertile valleys of Utah. This road passes through Brigham, 
Logan, Smithfield, Richmond, etc. The mileage of the U. P. and 
branches and freight hauled are as follows: main line 70 miles, 
freight (received only) 58,925,000 pounds; Utah & Northern 76.3 
miles, freight (received only) 11,805,000 pounds; -Park City branch 
27.6 miles, freight (received only) 58,052,000 pounds; Ogden and 
Syracuse 5.8 miles; Coalville Spur 3 miles; Utah Central 280 
miles, freight 528,000,000 pounds; Salt Lake"& Western 57.3 miles, 
freight (received only) 5,350,000 pounds; Utah & Nevada 37 miles, 
freight 33,798,144 pounds. 

Tne D. & R. G. W., "Little Giant," railway, formerly an ex- 
tension of the D. & R. G., making connection with the Central 
Pacific at Ogden, was finished in 1883. It runs from Grand 
Junction to Ogden. It passes through the finest scenery along 
any railroad in Utah, at CasUe Gate; thence to the immense coal 
fields near P. V. Junction, where there is fine camping, fishing and 
hunting, and any climate desired in summer. It goes over the Coal 
Range at an elevation of nearly 7,500 feet above the sea; thence it 
descends Spanish Fork canyon, throu;;;h the Red Narrow^s where 
there are some choice bits of scenery, thence it passes through the 



18 KESOl'KCKS AND ATTRACTIONS 

lofty and rugged old Wasatch Range and out into the beauiifuf 
Utah valley with its wealth of towns, and thence into Salt Lake 
valley. The first branch line runs from P. V. Junction to Scofield, 
with 17.6 miles of track. This line does a very heavy business in 
hauling coal, having carried 448,216.000 pounds in 1888. The next 
branch line is at Bingham Junction with 16.3 miles of track; run- 
ning to Bingham, the next greatest mining camp in Utah. The 
freights received and forwarded at this place were 36,618,345 
pounds. The third branch line runs from Bingham Junction, 1S.2 
miles, to Alta in the heart of the Wasatch, 8,500 feet above the 
sea. This track (from Wasatch by tramway; runs through a 
kaleidoscope of gigantic cliffs and canyons, massive, grand, beau- 
tiful. This camp has shipped millions of tons of ore, and still pro- 
duces. The total mileage of the D. & R. G. W. in Utah is 397.6 
miles. The total freight received at all stations, exclusive of those 
east of P. V. Junction, was 1,109,923,000 pounds. 

Salt Lake is connected with the East by two through routes, 
and is always visited by those going to or coming from the Coast. 

The Salt Lake and Fort Douglas railway is a narrow gauge 
road, circling around the City from near the D. & R. G. W. to the 
bench on the east, thence it winds around to and beyond Fort 
Douglas, extending to the sandstone quarries in Red Butte can- 
yon, and with a proposed extension of three miles more. This 
road offers excellent facilities for outside residents to reach the 
City, supplying the place of an extended car line, only with much 
more rapid transit. The view from the bench is one of the finest. 
The facilities offered for the cheap transportation of sandstone to 
the City will be a great help to the building boom. The Salt Lake 
and Eastern road is also under the same management; this runs 
toward Park City, up Parley's Canyon as far as Hardy's, 8^^ miles 
from the Salt Lake and Fort Douglas road. It is to be extended 
to Park City, which will then be within an hour's ride, or two of 
the City. Thence it will run down to Coalville for coal, and bring 
those deposits within about 50 miles of this City, instead of 100 
miles as at present, thus reducing the price of coal materially. 
This will also be one of the popular routes to the mountain resorts. 

The San Pete Railroad is another Utah road. It runs from 
Nephi over into the very fertile San Pete valley, the granary of 
Utah. It is being extended further south. 

PROPOSED LINES. 

There is no line that Salt Lake is looking forward to with more 
pleasure than the road to Los Angeles. The U. P. railroad has 
had surveyors out running lines in all directions to discover the 
most feasible route to the "City of the Angels." This road has 
also sent several mining experts through the country to determine 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 19 

its resources-. The}' report a practicable route and one that will 
pay heavily. From certain ominous signs, it is believed that this 
extension of the Utah Central will be begun this spring. The pro- 
posed route will take one of two directions. Apparentl}' the most 
feasible one is to leave the Utah Central at Milford, thence south- 
west to Pioche, Nevada, thence to Bristol Pass, thence to White 
River Wash, over Freiburg Pass to Pennoyer valley, Kane Spring, 
the head-waters of the Amargosa River, down to Ash Meadows, 
Death Valley, over into the Mojave Desert, striking the Atlantic 
and Pacific railroad at Barstow. The grade will not exceed loo 
feet per mile, nor six degrees of curve. The cost will be from 
$12,000 to $20,000 per mile. The grading of the first 200 miles 
can be done in three months. The other route, which, on account 
of its great resources, is likel}' to be selected, is to leave the Utah 
Central at Juab, ascend the Sevier valley to Bear valley, cross over 
the low Fremont Pass near Parowan, thence near the Iron Springs, 
and so out on the Escalante plains near Milford, following the 
route, already mentioned, from Milford. This will be very 
productive, for the upper Sevier is very productive, and is lined 
with valuable mining camps, which will ship thousands of tons of 
-ore. At Salina the large rock-salt beds will be tapped, supplying 
all possible demands. A spur at this place, running a few miles, 
will pass the salt deposits and cross over to the coal beds which 
are here the heaviest in the Territory; there is one vein 30 feet 
thick, which the company already owns. Near the coal, and at 
Fremont Pass, there is an)' quantity of fine timber for lumber and 
charcoal. At Iron Springs the road will touch the great iron de- 
posits, bringing to them the charcoal, coal and, possibly, the coke 
from near at hand; and will give to Utah such an impetus as it 
never had before. This will be just as near a route as the other, 
and will be infinitely more productive. 

The Salt Lake & Los Angeles railroad, proposed by the peo- 
ple of this City, is to go directly west from here, past Garfield and 
Skull valley over a level grade, to Deep Creek, near the Nevada 
line. Thence it may be extended either southward to Hiko and on 
to Los Angeles, or it may go westward to San Francisco. The ad- 
vantage of this road, to Salt Lake, hes in the large number of 
mines it would open up, the immense amount of ore it would bring 
to our smelters, and it w^ould furnish a market for our coal and other 
products. This road would have a fine bathing resort on the Lake. 
The value of any road to Los Angeles lies in furnishing a market 
for our coal, in supplying the W^est with iron and steel, in bringing 
ore to our smelters, and in quick transit to the Coast where we can 
secure cheaply those things which it can supply us. Another pro- 
posed road is the extension of the U. P. from Garfield to Deep 
Creek, thence westward to Wadsworth on the Central Pacific, 
thence to the headwaters of the Feather river in California: it will 



20 RESOUKCKS AND ATTIIACTK »XS 

descend this stream, and then go on to San Francisco. This will 
give the U. P. its coveted outlet. It will go through a very pro- 
ductive country. 

Among the transcontinental roads coming from the East, are 
the Utah Midland, D. & R. G., C. B. & Q., C. R. I. & P., and Albu- 
querque S: Salt Lake. It is generally conceded tl.at the Utah Mid- 
land will strike westward to Ashley, thence up the Duchesne and 
one of its branches, thence over near Park City, and across to Salt 
Lake. 1 he D. & R. G. apparently contemplates nearly the same 
route, unless it arranges with the D. & R. G. W., in the 
latter case it will build down to Grand Junction, when the latter 
road will broaden its track to standard gauge t it is ready to do so 
now), and the cars will be run through from the east to Salt Lake. 

The C. B. & Q. and apparently the C. R. I. & P. contemplate 
coming north of the Uintas, up Henry's Fork, over to Coalville 
and down to Salt Lake. It is surmised that the already in- 
corporated \V}oming, Salt Lake & California, running from this 
place to Coalville, and the Summit Co. railroad, running up Chalk 
Creek, are in the interest of one of these roads, but it is more prob- 
able that thes2 are to form an independent line. 

The Albuquerque & Salt Lake railroad is to come from Albu- 
querque, New Mexico, past Durango, Colorado, thence through the 
Utah coal fields to Salt Lake. 

The Pacific Short Line, from Siou.x City, is to pass through 
this place on its way to the Coast. 

It is surmised that the D. & R. G. on rea-hing this Cit\- will 
strike northwestward to Puget Sound. 

Salt Lake, therefore, stands the best of chances for being 
the greatest railroad center between Omaha and the Coast. 



WAGON ROADS. 

There are stage lines and wagon roads leading from ifalt Lake 
Cit}' to all parts of the Territory. During most of the year these 
roads are in fine condition. It is one of the pleasant pastimes for 
those seeking health or pleasure to secure suitable outfits and 
travel north, south, or east, stopping wherever night overtakes 
them, or fancy dictates, enjoying the wealth of flowers, scenery, 
game and the purest air, till satisfied with health regained. There 
is the most magnificent scenery in North America to be found in 
Utah, where no railroad is ever likely to go, along the Black Can- 
yon of the Colorado, with its walls 6,000 feet high, and its bewil- 
dering mazes of canyons, castles, towers and domes, of varied 
hues. Seeing these is an era in one's life, never to be forgotten. 



OF SALT LAKK CITY. 21 



FUEL. 



Salt Lake's fuel comes chiefly from the coal mines. Geologi- 
cally our coal belongs to the Cretaceous age. After the 
basin was upheaved in which the coal was formed, a large lake was 
was left in the center, whose waves gradually wore away the shores 
till the coal deposits cropped out in precipices 1,000 to 1,500 feet 
high. The streams also cut box canyons at right angles to the 
shore line, thereby exposing the nearly horizontal coal beds in 
multitudes of places, so that to take out coal, it is necessary only 
to run a tunnel in on the bed and cart out the fuel. This does 
away with all the costl}^ hoisting machinery, so common elsewhere. 
This coal belt enters Utah near Evanston, Wyoming; forms a large 
basin near Coalville; then runs east along the north side of the Uintas,. 
to and around the eastern end of the mountains, thence west back 
along the south side, to the head of Spanish Fork canyon, 
where it forms the Coal Range, the watershed between the Col- 
orado and the Great Basin; thence it runs in a southerly direction 
for many miles, and then bends westward past Cedar City (near 
which are the iron deposits) and Kanarrah; thence west till it 
passes out of the Territory above St. George. Near the east end of 
the Uintas they also turn eastward, forming the well known Book 
Cliffs. ' In the southwestern part of the Territory the deposits are 
small, while between Iron City and the Uintas they are ver}' heavy. 
This coal belt, 600 to 1,000 miles long, is ten miles wide ia 
the narrowest place, while in others it may run up to 25 miles. 
It is estimated that we have 20,000 square miles of coal lands in 
Utah, but this is an exaggeration; still we have immense bodies of 
thousands of square miles, and of such thickness as to supply the 
whole United States for centuries. Another valuable feature of 
pur coal is its proximity to the mineral deposits, both iron and the 
precious metals. There is no coal to the west of us except some 
poor lignite, scarcely used, in Southern California: so we shall 
always supply the Great Basin and at least part of California with 
coal. At Coalville the workable vein is 10 to 13 feet thick; at 
Pleasant Valley there are two veins, one 13 and the other 28 feet 
thick; at Castle Gate the largest vein is 14 feet. After very ex- 
pensive and elaborate practical tests, in regular coke ovens, a fair 
quality of coke has been made from the Castle Gate coal (that 
going 53.02 per cent, fixed carbon.) Many veins will make excel- 
lent coke in assayers' ovens, but are of no value when put to the 
actual test in commercial coke ovens: but this last vein, wh- n the 
coal was broken into slack and laid in the ovens came out in large 
chunks of fine looking coke.* The Fairview veins are several, but 

«Sincp this was written the D. & R. G. W. R. R. has decided to erect thirty coke ovens- 
at Castle Gate, and put this coke on the market. The ovens are being built and the track 
is soon to be laid from the m'ne to them. 



r)-7 



KESOURCES AM* ATTRACTION; 



the 13-foot vein is the onl)" one used; that is apparentl} about as 
good as the Castle Gatr for coke. Several hundred tons of this 
coke were used, some years ago, part in the Ogden Iron Works, 
already mentioned, and part by the smelters; but the building of 
the D. & R. G. W. left these beds off the road, and Colorado coke 
was laid down more cheaply than this could be hauled by wagons, so 
these deposits remain unused except for local needs. Near the 
head of Salina canyon is a bed 30 feet thick. The veins near Iron 
Springs are from 6 to 14 feet thick, but the coal will not coke. All 
of our best coal is hard and flinty, of brilliant lustre and does not 
slack on exposure to the air. 

Up to the present time nearl}- all the coke used in Utah has 
been imported from the east. 

The supply of coal is regulated entirely by the demand.* In 
1888, the output was as follows: Coalville, 30,000 tons; Pleas- 
ant \'alley, 224,108 tons; estimated small mines, 5,000 tons; 
total, 259,923 tons. Salt Lake also uses considerable Wyoming 
coal, since it is sold at the same price as curs, $6.00 to $6.50 
per ton retail. When the railroad to Coalville is finished, the price 
of coal will fall somewhat. It costs $1.25 per ton to mine it, and 
the price at the mine is . 2.00 per ton at present. The following 
analyses will give all necessarj' details about our coal, and show its 
relation to others: 

ANALYSES OF COAL. 



4) i, 






« 


■J 1 


S*»3 3 


a . 


<u a c 


OJjs 


x.a 




^,E« 


i< 


a! u 


0. 


4.').99 


9.64 


4.5.47 


10.12 


47.27 


6. 


47.»)5 


6.05 


.-.i.ys 


1.7(V5 


4().:T7 


4.3)> 


4:?..i 


2..50 


.'ii.21 


3.81 


.'v.2.24 


3.6 


6').2 


3. 


.>S.02 


3. 


52.39 


6.30 


47.28 


9.94 


67.37 


S.77 


64.4.5 


2.9.5 


.50.2 


U.7 


.5.5.3 


9.5 


.53.8 


2.6.5 


42 40 


5.70 


40.25 


12.25 


4L98 


5.34 


48.49 


2.74 



°p 



4> - 1) a 



Iron County— Walker No. 1 . 
" " Leysou 

" " liOiic Tree 

Pleasfliit ValU-y, I). A. R. O W. 
" " I'tah Ceutral. 

Coalville— Home Coal Co. 

S. L.,W. A Cal. K. R. 
Fairview 

Castle Gate— Willow Creek 
" Spriug Creek 

No. 2 

6uiniy>i<le 

Kock .Springs, Wvo 

<;re.stcd Biitte, C<)1 

Connol.sville, Pa. 

Raton, Now Mex 

F.lmwond, 111. 

Newra.Mtle, Wa.sh. Terr. 
California, Liverrnorc liesl 
San DicKo best 

Oregon , Coo.s Bay 

" Astoria 



4.75 
4.50 
8.17 
fi..5.5 
5.798 
ia32 
9.2 

.8 
1.7 

.9 
L5 



39.62 
39.90 
.'W.&5 
.39.75 
40.4S7 

♦3 90 
iXM 
44.2 

4.3.08 
:w.59 



7.53 


3.5.'2.5 


.8 


28.06 


1.17 


31.43 


■2.6 


35.2 


7.6 


27.t> 


6.64 


3(;.9i 


20.78 


31. 


4.10 


43.40 


20. 


32.59 


2.66 


46.29 



2.45 


6.25 
6.23 
6.2» 


<i 
6 
14 
IS 

» 

n 

8 






IS 
6 
14 


1.22 


6^25 


8 
1» 












■■■'6 ■* 
6 



AH the charcoal used in the Territory has been produced here. 
Our pinyon pine and mountain mahogany produce almost the entire 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 23 

amount, which is of the finest quahty. There is a great deal of this 
wood in the Territory 

The firewood is made from red and white cedar, pinyon, aspen, 
Cottonwood, pines, spruces, firs and scrub oak. 

MARBLE AND BUILDING STONE. 

Marble has been found in many places in Utah, and of various 
kinds and qualities. At Nephi is a fine pure white marble, resem- 
bling Carrara stone. It is broken up on the surface, as is the case 
with all marble. It is the most promising deposit in the West. 
In Spanish Fork canyon are some good deposits of variegated 
marble. In Western Utah, at Deep Creek, are deposits of white 
and mottled marble. Our greatest need is for machinery to cut 
and polish our material. 

Utah has probably the finest and most extensive bodies of 
granite in the West. At the mouth of Little Cottonwood, lies a 
body of five cubic miles of the finest quartzose granite. This rock 
stands the wear and tear of time to a most remarkable degree. 
The Temple is made of this material. It is also used by the rail- 
roads for the most enduring foundations. The Government uses it 
for its meridian posts and monuments. This rock is so hard that 
it costs $i.oo per square foot to face it and much more for 'pol- 
ishing it 

There is much slate in Utah, but most of it is so gritty that 
it is of no value. A fine body is said to exist on Antelope Island. 
The best deposit is near Utah Lake. This slate is not fissile, but 
occurs in slabs of an inch to several feet in thickness. It is per- 
fectly uniform in texture and takes an elegant polish; it is very 
dark blue. 

One of our most beautifal building stones is the oolitic sand- 
stone of Manti. This is composed of minute shells compacted to- 
gether, and is so soft when first taken out, that it can be cut by a 
saw. It is in great demand lor trimmings and, being white, is very 
ornamental. 

Utah excels in the quality of her sandstones. The red sand- 
stone of the Triassic crops out for several hundred miles along the 
eastern side of the Wasatch. It occurs back of Fort Douglas, 
three miles east of the City; it is almost blood red, and is and has 
been much used for fronts, foundations and flagging. It is of all 
thicknesses. In Spanish Fork canyon the same stone occurs, 
varying from red to light brown. At Kyune a still better quality is 
found. This latter is being shipped to Denver and other eastern 
points. Many of our later pretentious structures are either 
trimmed with or composed entirely of this stone. Our sandstone 
is used occasionally by the smelters instead of fire-brick, and serves 
well for this purpose. 



24 



RKSOl'KtES AM) ATTRACTIONS 



Of limestoie L'tah has a surfeit: it is everywhere. The out- 
crops near Salt Lake City make a first class quality of lime, and are 
also used by the smelters for fluxing purposes. We have some 
magnesian limestone, but it has not > et come into general use. 
The marble fragments at Nephi make the most beautiful lime pos- 
sible. In Spanish Fork canyon a beautiful geodic limestone is 
found that is coming into general use. 



MINES AND MINING. 

The deposits of the precious metals in Utah air belong to the 
earlier geological ages, with the exception of a few minor outcrops 
in the southern part of the Territory. The deposits are contained 
in a series of fissures, not running along the axis of the mountains 
as one would naturally suppose to be the case, but running nearly 
at right angles to the course of the mountains, cutting across from 
one to the other, going a little north of west or a little scuth of 
west, and extending nearly across the Great Basin. The most im- 
portant mineral belt runs from the Umtas through Park City, Alta, 
and Bingham, thence to Grantsville; the belt extends westward to 
Dugway, Deep Creek, Kinsley, etc. The ores in this belt are 
chiefly lead and silver, with a little gold and very little if any cop- 
per. Some of the ore is free milling, but most of it is high in lead 
and carries the silver in the lead, and therefore requires smelting. 
There are vast quantities of low grade ore in this belt that will not 
pay to reduce without concentrating, and requiring the best of 
facilities for transportation also. At Park City the greatest mine 
is the Ontario; it is down 1200 feet, has 20 miles of tunnels and 
shafts, employs 425 men, produced (in 1888) 32,700 tons of ore, 
valued at $1,730,000, and has paid in less than ten years $9,650,000 
in dividends. The output has been about $20,000,000. The Daly 
mine employs 305 men, shipped 23,500 tons of ore, valued at 
$1,000,000; it paid $450,000 in dividends in 1888, and has paid in 
all $862,500 in dividends. The Crescent mine sold 5,800 tons of 
ore, valued at $196,371.72 in 1888. The Woodside mine sold ore 
to the value of $75,000 in 1888. The ores produced by the various 
mines of Park City in 1888 aggregated 85,550 tons; valued at 
^3'ioi,37i.72. Other valuable mines are the Anchor, Sampson, 
Apex, Jupiter, etc. At Alta (Little Cottonwood) are also many 
mines that have paid well in times past; the Emma, Flagstaff, 
\'allejo. City of Rocks, Prince of Wales, etc., have miles of tunnels 
and shafts, and are shipping more or less ore all the time, in sum- 
mer. Big Cottonwood is just over the divide from Alta; it has a 
number of good mines, among them being the Maxfield, Reed and 
Benson, Carbonate, etc. American Fork is just over the divide 
from Alta, south, it has a number of good mines and has paid well. 
Bingham is west of Alta, in the Oquirrh Mountains, and is the next 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 25 

largest mining camp in Utah. There are many paying mines in 
this camp; among them are the Old Telegraph, which sold some 
years ago for $3,000,000, the Lead Mine, the Last Chance which 
has produced $1,200,000, the Old Jordan, Brooklyn, Spanish, 
Yosemite, etc. The mines of Bingham produced 13,754 tons of 
ore in 1888. The output of these mines from the beginning has 
been about $20,000,000. There has been some placer mining in 
Bingham, $10,000 were taken out last year by hydraulic mining. 
Space would fail us to tell of the valuable mines of Siockton, 
Ophir, Dry Canyon, etc. North and west of Stockton in the Aqui 
range are a number of claims. On the borders of Utah are the 
Deep Creek deposits, where are a number of very valuable mines; 
these will be tapped by the railroad going west from Salt Lake 
City. 

The second mineral belt reaches its climax at Tintic. The ores 
contain more or less copper as well as silver and lead, and are gen- 
erally low grade, like those of Bingham. There were 28,000 tons 
of ore shipped from these mines last year The most prominent 
are the Eureka Hill, Bullion-Beck, Mammoth, Centennial, etc. 
Their value runs far up into the millions. 

The next prominent belt on the south is at Marysvale, Beaver, 
Frisco, etc. At Marysvale there are a number of mines, but they 
are not worked much because of the distance from railroads. In 
this locality is a valuable quicksilver deposit, and farther off is a 
valuable antimony mine. Farther west is the Cave mine, which 
has produced considerably. There are a number of mines in the 
Bradshaw and Star districts that give good promise. The great 
mine of this belt is the Horn Silver, which has produced over 
$3,000,000. It has been paying $1,000 per month during the past 
year. The Comet and Cactus mines are well spoken of also; it is 
confidently expected tha,t this belt will yet produce some of the 
most valuable mines of Utah. Farther west lies the great mining 
camp of Pioche, Nev. — great at least in the amount of mineral in 
its mines, which will pay richly as soon as the new railroad is com- 
pleted to that camp. 

There are two other mineral belts in northern Utah, but they 
have not been developed much yet. 

In southern Utah is a unique mineral deposit at Silver Reef; 
the ore is chiefly chloride of silver and is often very rich. This 
camp has produced abundantly in times past, even into the mil- 
lions. The Stormont, Barbee & Walker, and the Leeds have been 
the most profitable mines. 

In southeastern Utah, along the Colorado river, are some very 
promising placer beds. 

Utah ranks third in the production of lead in the U. S., and 
fifth in silver. For the bullion product see "Business." It would 
be impossible to give an adequate idea of our mines in the small 



26 KESOIRCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

space allowed in this pamphlet, so we content ourselves with the 
mere mention of the most important; to properl}' represent our 
mines would take a pamphlet twice the size of this. 

SMELTERS, MILLS AND SAMPLING WORKS. 

There are four smelters in this valley, the largest is not running. 
The Hanauer produced 9,882,000 pounds of lead, 522,550 ounces of 
silver, 2,363 ounces of gold, all valued at $800,000. The Germania 
produced 7,072,700 pounds of lead, 442,137 ounces of silver, 2,386 
ounces of gold, 449,250 pounds of copper; it used 43,977,089 
pounds of ore, 9,198,300 pounds of coke, 1,052,930 pounds of char- 
coal, 6,457,080 pounds of lump coal, 3,404,600 pounds of slack, 
12,789,460 pounds of limestone, 2,113,490 pounds of iron ore, and 
115,550 pounds of scrap iron. 

The Mingo used $78,678 worth of fuel, 34,634 tons of ore, and 
produced 5,929,084 pounds of bullion and matte. 

There are a number of mills in the Territory', running quite a 
number of stamps; the largest is that of the Ontario mine, this has 
40 stamps and crushed 25,000 tons of ore in 1888. 

There are many samplers in the Territory; they are furnished 
with rock breakers, crushing rolls, etc., and crush every third sack 
to a certain fineness, and, after thoroughly mixing the crushed ore, 
they deliver samples to the assajers, on whose certificate the ore 
is bought. 

Perhaps the greatest boon to the mines has been the invention 
of crushing rolls, among them being Wall's rolls. Many of these 
are being used all over the Territory for reducing the ores to such 
fineness that they can be concentrated, thereby making mines valu- 
able that would be worthless otherwise. 

MINERALS. 

Utah has most of the minerals found in the West except tin. 
Beside mines already mentioned, we have other promising deposits. 
Our sulphur is the only material of the kind produced in the U. S. 
Twenty-six miles from Black Rock on the Utah Central R. R , is 
the crater of an extinct volcano filled with a sulphur deposit, going 
from sixt\- to ninety-nine per cent. pure. The works erected here 
have a capacit}' of twenty tons per day of refined sulphur. Lump, 
flowers, and flour sulphur are made. The output of the w'orks is 
governed solely by the demand. Other deposits are found at a 
place near Frisco, where the material occurs in crevices and is very 
pure. In the Uintas is a fine deposit, running sixty-seven per cent, 
pure, on an average, while some of it is almost pure. There are 
large quantities of it. A valuable saltpetre bed is found at tha 
southern end of Salt Lake valle)'. We have alum shales. Our 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 27 

gypsum deposits are inexhaustible; at Nephi is a fine outcrop 1200 
feet long and of considerable width, sufficient to supply all possible 
demands for a century. There are many other deposits in southern 
Utah. At Fillmore is a bed of selenite of great purity. Rotten 
stone, sometimes called tripoli, occurs in a number of places and 
seems to answer well for polishing, the real tripoli has been found 
near this City. Some good mica has been found in south- 
ern Utah. It occurs in many places all over the Territory, but not 
in large enough ffakes to be valuable. Antimony i^ found 
both north and south of Salt Lake, as well as scattered through 
our mines of the precious metals. It is believed that the one on 
the Sevier river is a ver}- valuable deposit. Quicksilver is found at 
Camp Floyd, and on the Sevier; the latter deposits have produced 
a considerable quantity of refined metal. 

Arsenic and zinc occur in many of our mines, but we have 
not made any attempt to save them. Asbestus is found in a num- 
ber of places. Utah has quite a complement of gems, among them 
being topaz, garnet, chalcedony, amethyst, etc. All sorts of min- 
eral paints occur in Utah. We have extensive deposits of asphal- 
tum in various parts of the Territory. It occurs in strata of sand' 
stone, in pockets of varying size, but it is doubtful whether this 
will ever be utilized, since there are other places where the asphal- 
tum has oozed out from the rocks and saturated the ground, form- 
ing lakes varying in puriiy from twenty per cent, upwards. The 
latter deposits have about one-third of the asphaltum in the form 
of paraffine, and will pay well to refine. Ozocerite (nearl3 pure 
paraffine) occurs in thin seams in a number of places, and is much 
sought after. Uintahite (gilsonite) a pure asphaJtum, black and 
shining like jet, a little heavier than water, is found in a four-foot 
vein near Fort Duchesne, and is worked by a wealthy company. 
It brings $80 per ton; it is used for insulating telegraph wires, for 
Japan varnish, etc., and there is quite a demand for it. There are 
good deposits of this material in other parts of the Territory. 
Petroleum exists in several localities. In some places there is 
every indication that it will pay to develop the deposits. Natural 
gas also occurs in various places : it is doubtful whether there is 
much in the Great Basin, but in eastern Utah there is every indica- 
tion of an abundance. Graphite has been found in half a dozen 
places: the best goes a little over fifty per cent. pure. This would 
pay well to develop. 

SIGHTS. 

A stranger naturally turns to the great gray monument, the 
Temple, which towers above all else, and is visible for over twenty 
miles. This structure is made entirely of granite, taken from the 
Wasatch, at the mouth of Little Cottonwood. It is 186 feet long, 
99 feet wide, and 100 feejt high, e;jcclusive of the towers, which are 



"28 RESOTRCES AND ATTHACTIONS 

to be 220 feet high. The walls are lo feet wide at base, and 5 feet 
at the top. The Temple was begun in 1853, and will not be com- 
pleted -for several years to come. No work has been done upon it 
of late. It has cost already nearly $3,000,000. The Tabernacle, 
which stands on tlie same block as the Temple, was finished in Oc- 
tober, 1867. It is 250 b}- 150 by So feet, and is used as the general 
assembly hall of the Mormons. It is built in the form of an 
ellipse; the dome-like roof is also ellipsoid; this, therefore, is one 
of the famous whispering galleries; the pulpit being at one focus 
(where the visitor is placed), and at the further end (the other 
focus), a pin can readih' be heard when it is dropped: wonderful? 
It might be different one-half nearer. The seatir^ capacity is about 
8,000. The roof is destitute of supports except at the bottom; 
it is therefore one of the largest arches. The huge organ, one of 
the largest in this country, is the great attraction of the Tabernacle. 
It is 48 feet high and 33 feet wide, containing 57 stops. There are 
2,648 pipes. The cost was $100,000. It is one of the rare treats 
to hear the mellow tones of this instrument on Sunday. The 
building is heated by steam and lighted b}' gas. The Assembly 
Hall is near the Tabernacle. It is built also of granite, but not 
faced as is the stone of the Temple. It is of Gothic architecture 
in part. There is a fine pipe organ here, built entirel}' of native 
wood. At the back of the Tabernacle is the unused Endowment 
House, where marriages were wont to be celebrated. The whole 
block is enclosed by a cement wall 12 feet high. 

Leaving the Temple we go up Brigham street, passing the 
Deseret News office, where the dail}- issue is printed on Utah 
paper and with Utah type. Back of the News office is the tithing 
}ard, where the tithes are paid, and the new converts are collected. 
Passing further eastward we see the Lion house, the headquarters 
of the church; the Bee-hive house, lirigham Young's residence, 
now used as a railroad office; across the way is the Historian's 
office and on the corner is Amelia Palace, lately the residence of 
the head of the Mormon church. Turning the corner northward is 
the Eagle Gate, and around back of it, on the brow of the hill, 
is Brigham's grave. Here we secure a magnificent view of the 
Cit}' and valley, one worth going man\' miles to see. Another hour 
might well be spent in ascending Ensign Peak, a hill about the 
hight of Mt. Washington, and about 2,000 feet above the City. 
From here a magnificent view of the whole region is obtained. 
We can see the whole City spread out at our feet, and the valley, 
checkered with innumerable farms, for twenty miles. To the west 
of us, fifteen miles awa)-, the snow-capped Oquirrhs, 10,000 feet 
high, stand out in bold relief, with every detail of canyons and 
ridges, rocks and forests distinctly seen in the clear pure air; and 
even the Aqui mountains are plainly visible beyond where the 
Oquirrhs end and the Lake begins; still farther away we see the 



S5 



RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 



hazy outlines of other ranges till they are lost in distance. North- 
westward the Lake lies before us, like a mirror, with its great 
islands, extending far away till also lost in the dimly outlined 
mountains loo miles beyond. On the east the Wasatch almost touch 
the City. Fort Douglas, three miles awa}-, nestles under the great 
red sandstones, and farther southward the mountains rise precipi- 
tously, in majestic grandeur, nearly 8,000 feet above the valle\' and 
and 12,000 feet above the sea. The mantle of snow still covers 
the lofty peaks, a cloud floats lazily far below them or in smoky 
bilows rolls upward as if the mountains were on fire. At other 
tilmes dark clouds sink from the sky, touchiif^ the peaks and, fall- 
ing lower and lower, leave a snowy mantle behind them, when they 
sweep out over the valley dropping a gentle spring shower upon 
the opening fruit blossoms and lovely flowers. So plainly visible 
is every detail, the rocks, the trees and brush that one cannot be- 
lieve that the nearest bases of the lofty peaks are ten miles away. 
One would be willing to wager to walk there in half an hour, and 
climb to the summit in an hour, but few people will be satisfied in 
simply seeing these things. Taking a carriage we can drive up 
City Creek seven or eight miles and enjoy ourselves walking over 
snowslides, and while sitting on a snow bank can pick dog-tooth 
violets and Fritillarias. Returning we find parasols and umbrellas 
very serviceable as we enter the City. Equally as pleasant drives 
might be taken to Fort Douglas, to Emigration, Parley's and Mill 
Creek canyons. A still more enjoyable ride is down the valle}- 12 
miles to Big Cottonwood canyon, under the shadow of the lofty 
peaks whose tremendous hight we now begin to realize. Here 
we enter the heart of the mountains, through a narrow gorge a 
thousand feet high, in which there is many a nook in which the 
sun never shines, with a roaring cataract on one side, precipitous 
walls on the other, and a narrow road winding in and out for sev- 
eral miles, in the midst of the grandest scenery. We can fish, 
sketch, pick ferns and flowers, or climb to our hearts' desires. 

The accomodations for tourists are excellent. We have three 
first-class hotels, with all the modern conveniences: there are seven 
second-class hotels, and others of all degrees of accommodations 
and prices. I here are places for private boarding, and furnished 
and unfurnished rooms of all grades. I he first-class hotels charge 
>3 00 per day; the second-class, $2.00; while private boarding can 
be found of good quality from $5.00 per week and upwards; 
furnished rooms cost $1.50 per week and upwards. 

INFORMATION. 

Salt Lake is well supplied with newspapers. It has three 
dailies, two semi-weeklies, five weeklies, tlue .■ ?^cmi-monthlies, and 



32 KEiSOLRCES AND ATTRACTIONS. 

nine monthlies. Some of them are of a high order, being fully as 
newsy as San Francisco papers. 

There are several public libraries: the largest and best is the 
Masonic, containing 7,200 volumes, and supplied with the leading 
newspapers and periodicals of the day. The Territorial library 
contains 4,000 volumes, many are of special scientific value. 

AMUSEMENTS AND SOCIETIES. 

Salt Lake has a hue opera house, which cost $85,000, equipped 
with modern improvements; there is also a theatre of large dimen- 
sions. At one or the other of these places the Salt Lake public 
have opportunity to see and hear the great actors, musicians, and 
lecturers, as they go to and from the coast. The various churches 
and schools have lecture courses, sociables, etc., as occasion re- 
quires. The University club of nearly fifty members, composed 
exclusively of college graduates from all parts of the country. Har- 
vard, Yale, Princetown, Ann Arbor, and many western colleges, 
holds monthly meetings. The Chautauqua Literary and Scientific 
Circle has a large and enthusiastic membership, and holds weekly 
exercises. 

There are numerous social societies and literary clubs of all 
grades, where those who wish can find as select societ}' and as great 
opportunities for literary work as they may desire. 

The secret orders are well represented here. The Masons 
have three lodges and 160 members; the Temple of Honor has one 
lodge and 50 members; the L O. O. F. have four lodges and 200 
members; the A. O. U. W. have one lodge and 125 members: the 
K. of P. have three lodges and 200 members; other organizations 
are the G. A. R. with no members; the Brotherhood of Locomo- 
tive Engineers, Knights of Labor, etc. There are also a typo- 
graphical union, organizations of bricklayers, masons, carpenters, 
tailors, waiters, etc. 

SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. 

The schools of Salt Lake are many and of various degrees of 
excellence. The public schools in a number of the wards are first- 
class. On the whole, the best schools are those supported by the 
various religious denominations. Of these there is one college 
(Catholic), six academies (Episcopalian two, Congregational, 
Methodist and Catholic one each): and various other schools of 
lower grade, of which the Congregationalists have four, the 
Methodists two, the Presbyterians two, the. Lutherans one. Episco- 
palians two. and the Baptists one. One of these schools has an 
industrial Tlepartment, while several have kindergartens. The 
total value of mission school property is $295,100, pupils 2235, 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 33 

teachers g6, schools i6. The Deseret (Territorial) University is 
now well equipped with funds and will soon take its p'ace as an 
educational factor of influence in the City and Territory. There 
are very many private schools. The tuition in the mission and 
private schools ranges from $2 to $10 per quarter, according to the 
grade. The academies rank fully as high as similar schools in the 
East. The opportunities for a first-class education, up to the col- 
lege, are equal to those elsewhere. 

There are eleven churches in Salt Lake, exclusive of the 
Mormon. 

The Methodists have a large brick structure in the heart of 
the City, costing $75,000. The membership of this church is 170. 
The pastor is Rev. C. L. Libby. The Scandinavian Methodists 
have recently erected a church at a cost of $15,000. The pastor 
is Rev. P. A. H. Franklin. There are 3 Methodist ministers and 8 
teachers in the city. They have 28 stations, 25 ministers and mis- 
sionaries, 24 schools and 40 teachers in the Territory, and spend 
550,000 annuall}'. 

The Catholics are represented by one large church with a fair 
membership in the City. They have several priests, missionaries, 
teachers, and 410 scholars. They have 5 churches and several 
academies and schools in the Territory. They have purchased a 
large lot on which to erect a costly cathedral. 

The Presbyterians have 2 churches in the City. The first 
church cost $25,000, and has a membership of 155; pastor. Rev. R. 
G. McNeice. The Westminster church cost 10,000; Rev. F. A. 
Arnold, pastor. The Presbyterians have 3 ministers, 10 teachers 
and 370 pupils in the City. They have 18 ministers and mission 
aries, 35 schools, 74 teachers, and 1,500 pupils in the Territory; 
the}' spend $55,000 annuall}'. 

The Congregationalists have two churches in the City. The 
first church has 200 members. Rev. J. B. Thrall, pastor. The Phil- 
lips church has about 40 members. Rev. J. E. Hurlbut, acting 
pastor. There afe 4 ministers and missionaries in the City, 13 
teachers, 5 schools, and 500 pupils. They have 3 churches, 9 min- 
isters and missionaries, 4 academies, 24 schools, 40 teachers, 1895 
pupils, and spend $50,000 annually in the Territory. 

The Baptists have a fine church costing $17,000; the member- 
ship is 50, Rev. D. D. Forwood, pastor. They have one minister, 
two teachers, and 100 pupils in the City. They have 2 churches, 3 
ministers and missionaries, 2 schools, 3 teachers, 150 pupils, and 
spend $5,000 annually in the Territory. 

The Jews have a synagogue in the City, costing $15,000. 

The Episcopalians have two churches: St. Marks (with rec- 
tory) is valued at $50,000; membership, 275; Rev. N. F. Putnam, 
pastor: St. Paul's church (with rectory) cost $39,000; Rev. C. M. 
Armstrong, pastor. The Episcopalians have 4 ministers and mis 



34 RESOTRCES AND ATTRACTIONS. 

sionaries, 22 teachers, with 465 pupils in the City. They have 6 
churches, 7 ministers and missionaries, 5 schools, 29 teachers, and 
spend $22,000 annually in the Territory. Tlie value of their church 
property is 3177,000. 

The Swedish Lutherans have a fine building costing $20,000; 
membership 140, pastor, Rev. J. A. Krantz. They have i minister, 
I school, 2 teachers, and 50 pupils in tUfe City. 

The Evangelical Sabbath schools of the Territory, in 1S86, 
numbered 75, with a total enrollment of 4,805. The. Sabbath 
schools have a City and Territorial organization. These are the 
latest statistics gathered. 

The Y. P.S. C. E. are also organized both locall}- and territorially, 
and are in a flourishing condition, with several hundred members. 

The Salvation Army has barracks here. 

There are no Universalist or Unitarian churches in the City. 

There is one society of the Secular Union in the City. 

BENEVOLENCES. 

Salt Lake is not without its benevolences. Among the most 
important stands the Holy Cross Hospital, a magnificent three- 
story brick structure standing alone in the center of a ten-acre lot, 
surrounded by ample grounds, shade, flowers, etc., and furnished 
with every comfort and appliance for success; the cost was $100,000. 
1.362 patients were admitted last year. This hospital is supported 
by the contributions of miners and smelting men; to it all who are 
injured or sick at any of the mines or smelters are taken and cared 
for free of charge. The annual expense of conducting the Institu- 
tion is $20,000. 

St. Mark's Hospital is situated on Third South, and is under 
the care of the Episcopalians. It treated 800 patients last }ear, 
at an expense of $13,000. 

The Deseret Hospital is situated near the Universit}-. It 
treated 97 patients last year. 

The Orphans' Home and Day Nursery is another very success- 
ful institution. It occupies its own premises, is managed by the 
ladies of the various churches, and is doing great good to the little 
folks who are under its charge. 

The Young Ladies' Aid Society, not connected with any 
church, has done a great deal of good. 

The above mentioned charities are additional to the ordinar}- 
benevolent and aid societies of the various churches, of which every 
one has its full share. 

The Industrial Home, created by act of Congress, for polyg- 
amous wives and children, has $75,000 appropriated for it, and is to 
be an ornament to the City. 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 35 

ORDERLINESS, PROTECTION, ETC. 

Salt Lake City is remarkable for orderliness. On Sunday the 
stores are closed; the town is quiet all day. The number of police- 
men is 12; the arrests for the last year were 1.533, of those 83 were 
females, and 93 others were under 16 years of age. The report of 
the chief engineer of the fire department gives 42 fire alarms, loss 
$2j,j8s, fire hydrants in the City 179, running expenses, ^2,234.84, 
paid force 8 men, call force 40 men, fire engines 2, hose 3,500 feet. 
The pressure of the water is sufficient to throw the stream over the 
highest houses without the engine. 

AGRICULTURE, ETC. 

Utah is traversed by many parallel ranges of Mountains, run- 
ning north and south, with beautiful valleys between; these beino- 
exposed to the sun and protected from winds b}^ the lofty ranges, 
are admirably adapted to agriculture, while the mountains furnish 
fine pasture for stock, in summer. These valleys are very even in 
surface, the center being lowest and rising gently toward the sides. 
The soil runs from a loose sandy clay to a sandy or gravelly loam 
on the sides of the valleys, and is ver}' productive. With the 
exception of perhaps 10 square miles, all of the land has to be 
irrigated, and therefore is valueless without water. When Utah 
was first settled the population naturally formed towns at the mouths 
of the large streams, following the main mountain chain southward 
till it reached the southern limit, then it spread out to the nearer 
ranges wherever there was a good stream. Some ten years ago it 
was shown that many valleys were underlaid by beds of cla}' and 
sand carrying artesian water, as most of the streams were 
already taken up, this gave a new impetus to farming, thousands of 
wells were driven or bored, and now this is all the rage. The av- 
erage depth is less than 150 feet, through sand and clay. At first a 
steel shoe was used on the end of the pipe (usually one to two inch 
pipe) and the whole driven down by a sledge or pile driver; but 
lately an open pipe is driven down and the core forced out by a 
small tube attached to a force-pump. Sometimes such a well is 
driven in a single afternoon. The price varies from $0.15 to ii.oo 
per foot according to the depth and difficulties encountered. The 
water is very pure, usuall}' containing little alkali or other injurious 
properties. It rises from a few inches to 30 or 40 feet above the 
surface, and flows from i to 100 gallons per minute, through a two- 
inch pipe. Some wells (four to six-inch) flow as high as 600 gal- 
lons per minute, but these are exceptions. There are man}^ op- 
portunities for valuable farms, by this means, in various parts of 
the Territory. Many farmers have fish ponds at their wells, sur- 
round them with trees and fiowers, and make of them beautiful lit- 



36 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 



tie lakes, on which they have boats and other adjuncts of pleasure, 
A short list of wells in various valleys is appended for reference; 
hundreds more could be given. 

SHOKT LIST OF ARTESIAN WELLS. 

Depth, Flow Gils Size of Pipe, Pressure, 

Feet. per Miii. luches. Feet. 

S.tLT Lake V.\i.r.EY. ' 

JimesBinl, -7 l-> 

St. P'Uil's Church, '.••'> •') 

Drivius Park HS 35 10 

E E. lUch. 29 10 1'4 

W. Armond, 107 18 I'j' 20 

Mrs. Jeiinv, 100 6 

Deseret Woolen Mills, 100 200 4 40 

Garden City, 90 i 1>2 

Pbovo. 

Utah Central R. R., 170 100 

J.W.Turner, 2'i4 26 IK 

David Evaus. 196 30 VZ 

E'lstCoop., 202 5.J 

J.E.Daniels, 196 25 

CiR.VNTSVlLLE. 

Hotel, 135 10 I'o 4 

Lehi. 

.I.Evans, 43 loO Vi 

D Thurnvin, 45 10 IVj 

K.Norman, 65 15 l', 

C. Murdock, 70 40 1>. 

The very best lands for all purposes are those on the sides of 
the valleys; these are generally so high up that no artesian water 
can be obtained on them. During the winter the mountains are 
covered with snow which melts in the spring and comes down in 
a superabundance of water, through the canj'ons. These are so 
shaped that it is a very easy matter to build dams across the 
mouths. Such dams will hold enough water to irrigate large 
tracts. There are thousands of such canyons in Utah, at the 
mouths of which little colonies could be located. There could be 
raised boundless quantities of fruits and grains, enriching the 
owners and supporting all sorts of manufactures. Such colonies 
are already started. In Tuilla valley an Iowa colony is putting in 
wells and getting ready to build a large dam for a reservoir. One 
great advantage in these colonies is that they can be as select as 
their projectors desire, since no one can live without water, and, 
owning the water, they can sell to those only whom they want there. 

Tne great advantage of irrigation is that the farmer has under 
his control the ripening of i.is crops. He need fear no blighting 
rains nor withering droughts; he can supply to his growing crops 
just the water thty want to develop best, and when the time has 
come to ripen them he withholds the water and the crop matures, 
and so he harvests at his pleasure, within certain limits. The grain 
is always plump and sound and always over weight; the root crops 
are enormous and sound; the fruit is beautifully flavored and abun- 
dant, as well as sound, if he has taken care of all pests. 

A great opportunity for the investment of capital exists in 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 37 

damming the large rivers not already occupied. The great Bear 
river ditch is an illustration; a company has taken hold of this 
scheme and has contracted to build a dam 75 feet high and 600 
feet long, and to carry the water several miles in a ditch 4 feet 
deep, 18 feet wide at the bottom and 26 feet wide at the top; this 
ditch is to be divided so as to irrigate 200,000 acres. Such a 
scheme will pay for itself and bring large sums in addition from the 
sale of land to settlers. In eastern Utah there are a number of op- 
portunities for such investments. 

Our land is very easily reclaimed, since there is no sod re- 
quiring heavy plows to break it up, as in the eastern States. The 
best land is always covered with sagebrush (this is always a sure 
index of fertility), and all that is needed is to hitch a team to a 
railroad rail and drive over the land to be cleared, the sagebrush 
is quickly cleared off and a common plow will turn over the soil, 
when a crop can be planted at once, and full returns realized at 
harvest. 

The amount of land that one person can tend during the busy 
season is about 40 acres. 

Salt Lake is in latitude 40 deg. 46 min. north, and longitude 
III deg. 54 min. west, and is near the isotherm of 52 deg. In lati- 
tude we are in line with northern Missouri, Peoria, 111., Columbus, 
Pittsburg, Reading, and Staten Island; and can raise all kinds of 
fruits except oranges, etc., and even these we can raise in southern 
Utah. Every kind of tree growing north of Virginia will thrive 
here in the open air. There are now growing in this City the fol- 
lowing: sycamore, basswood, locust, honey locust, ailantus, cotton- 
wood, Balm of Gilead, Lombardy, soft and hard maple, box elder, 
walnut, chestnut, white ash, white and rock elm, mulberry, butternut, 
larch, pines, spruces, firs, oaks, peach, plum, apricot, apple, etc. 

Since our winter is only about six weeks long, the spring is 
quite early; the farmers frequently plow in Februraryand sow their 
small grain. Our latest frost averages April 8th, so that the most 
delicate plants are safe after that. Our earliest frost comes about 
September 26th, so that all our crops have ample time to mature. 

Our grain is of fine quality. The wheat yield is often 60 
bushels per acre, but the average is about 25 bushels. We raise 
several million bushels. The selling price is So. 70 per bushel. 
Flour is the same price as in Chicago. Large quantities of oats are 
raised; the price is $1.20 per hundred. The yield per acre is 40 
bushels and sometimes reaches 100 bushels. Rye and barley also 
do well and arc raised to a considerable extent. Corn is raised 
somewhat but it is not as valuable for fodder as some other crops, 
and as the yield is not nearly as great as in the east, it is not a val- 
uable crop, except for sweet-corn and pop-corn. Our great fodder 
plant is lucerne (alfalfa), of which thousands of tons are raised. 
It is the first to start in the spring and the last to fail in the fall. 



38 RESOURCES AM) ATTRACTIONS 

Three and four crops can be cut yearly and the yield is governed 
largely by the amount of water used in irrigating it. loo car-loads 
of lucerne seed were shipped out of Salt Lake last year. The yield 
of seed per acre is i,ooo pounds. The j'ield of hay at each cutting 
is from 2 to 4 tons per acre. Esparcet is coming into vogue, but 
its value is not yet determined. Wild hay runs from i to 4 tons 
per acre. Cotton is raised in southern Utal^ Last year's crop was 
30,000 pounds. The yield is 200 to 600 pounds per acre of lint, 
selling at 11 to 12 cents per pound. There is a cotton manufactory 
in southern Utah. 

The Agave grows excellently in southern Utah; the making of 
gunny sacks from its fibres would be a profitable industry. 

Our barley averages 30 bushels to the acre and is regarded as 
the very best, it is shipped in quantity even to Chicago, being con- 
sidered superior to eastern barley. 

Hops grow here wild, and our soil seems to be specially 
adapted to them. We raise 1800 lbs. per acre, with no e.xperience 
to guide us. 

Our small fruit is abundant Strawberries come first; they are 
very fine flavored, fully as large as elsewhere, and abundant. They 
average 2,000 quarts per acre: the average price is 15 cents per 
quart. Currants are raised universally and are of excellent flavor; 
the average price is 7 cents per quart. Gooseberries are very 
large and yield astonishingly: they are raised everywhere: the av- 
erage price is 8 cents per rjuart. They are shipped out of the Ter- 
ritor\' in (juantities annually Our raspberries are unusually good; 
they are the choicest of our small fruits, and average 20 cents per 
quart. Large (juantities are dried and readily bring 27 cents per 
pound. Blackberries thrive well here but the supply is far below 
the demand; the average price is 15 cents per quart; In cherry 
lime, Salt Lake yards are ruddy with fruit. The finest cherries av- 
erage 12 cents per quart; cooking cherries, 6 cents per quart. 
Many are dried and bring good prices, the supply is not etjual to 
the demand. Ground cherries are raised in abundance, and when 
dried, bring fair prices. 

The Utah grapes are of a very superior flavor; the}- are raised 
everywhere, but in southern Utah they are raised in great (]uanti- 
ties. The Sultana seedless grape is grown for raisins and pro- 
duces from three to five thousand pounds per acre of raisins. The 
St. George raisins exhibited at our late fair were pronounced the 
best ever brought to this market from any source. The wine and 
table grapes are also raised there in abundance and shipped north- 
ward in (juantities. 

It 's one of the prettiest sights in early April to ascend the 
bench and look down upon the City all ablaze with glowing apri- 
cot, peach, apple and other blossoms in countless myriads 
Throughout the valley, as far as the eye can distinguish colors 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 39 

every farm is marked with a blush of beauty; fruit trees are every- 
where. 

The flavor of Utah fruit has a national reputation, and justly 
so. We say unhesitatingly that the flavor of our peaches is su- 
perior to those of California, and we frequently have peaches weigh- 
ing twelve ounces, and have raised those weighing i8 ounces. The 
supply of fresh peaches is so much greater than the home demand 
that the price is merely nominal, and many tons are dried to keep 
them from spoiling. At Milford alone in 1888, nearly 90 tons of 
dried fruit were shipped north. Utah's dried fruit market ranges 
from California to Maine, we have no serious rival. Our dried 
peeled peaches are in great demand, we could sell many times our 
present product. We raise many apricots throughout the Terri- 
tory. Pears and plums do very well and are a drug in the market, 
and will continue to be till we have enough canneries to consume 
our surplus; some of our plums and many of our pears are very 
large, rivaling those anywhere. Last year, pears were raised here 
weighing 21 ounces. Our apple crop is enormous; all kinds are 
raised; we supply most of the Great Basin with them. 

Among root crops the potato occupies the first rank, our pro- 
duct being 60,000,000 pounds in 1888; it is not an uncommon thing 
to find tubers six to eight inches long and 4 inches wide, sound to 
the center, and weighing 6 to 8 pounds each. We ship hundreds of 
car-loads to Texas, California, Colorado, St. Louis, Chicago, etc. 
Sugar beets are to be planted in large quantities this spring and a 
sugar manufactory established. We excel in all sorts of root crops. 
Last year mangold wurtzels were raised weighing 48 pounds. Our 
turnips, carrots, and onions are large, sound, and very productive. 
We raise many sweet potatoes, and in southern Utah this is as- 
suming a real industry. Our celery is ranked with the very best any- 
where, the price is almost nominal all winter. The salty lands are 
specially adapted to asparagus; we raise large quantities and could 
produce unlimited amounts if there were any market for it. Rhu- 
barb, radishes, parsnips, parsley, cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce, 
chickory, vegetable oysters, beans, peas, spinach, horseradish, etc. 
thrive well, and enough is raised to more than supply the home de- 
mand, but no effort has been made to raise them for export, though 
this would pay well. Large quantities of first class tomatoes are 
raised annually. Till recently we have had no canning establish- 
ment in the Territory, but now there are two and room for more, to 
consume all our surplus products. Our tomatoes were canned ex- 
tensively last year. Our melons are of fine flavor, and so cheap 
that it hardly pays to haul them to market; the making of pre- 
serves ought to be profitable. Large quantities of pumpkins, 
squashes, gourds, cucumbers, egg plants, etc. are raised in Utah; 
a pickle making establishment is soon to be started. The growing 
of peanuts is becoming quite an industry in southern Utah. 



40 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTION'S 

Though there are no native nut trees in Utah, except the oak 
and pine, nearly all kinds can be raised. Black walnut trees, 
fifty feet high and nearly a foot in diameter, are growing in the 
City, and they yield abundantly. Hickory and chestnuts would do 
well here. In southern Utah (juantities of paper shell and hard 
shell almonds are raised. Olives grow well at St George. 

FLORA OF UTAH. 

The flora of Utah is very rich, and has a 'arge number of 
beautiful plants. Because of the lofty mountains covered with al- 
most perpetual snow and the arid tracts in the south, the Hora 
ranges from that of the Frigid zone to the Sub- tropic. There 
are 2,570 species of plants in the Territory, exclusive of the lower 
fungi. There are 145 species of alpine plants; sub-alpine, 113; 
other mountain species, 878; dr}' foothills, 597; sandy plains, 767; 
alkaline species, 109; meadow species, 157; moist vallejs, iio; 
water species, no; timber trees, 20 species; introduced species; 
69; those having beautiful flowers are 1,018; forage species, 319, 
those whose seeds or fruits are eaten by men are 97; those used for 
other economic purposes are 63; there are 23 species of ferns and 
56 species of Caciacece; there are 109 families and 706 genera. 
The characteristic families are the Loasa, Cactus, Primrose, Bor- 
age, Potato, Beet and Spurge. The most common genera are the 
Astragalus, Potcntilla, Pcucrdanum, Galium, Gilia, Phacelia and 
Pentstemon. The characteristic trees of the mountains are evergreens 
and aspens; the shrubbery is made up of roses, Ceanotluis, and 
scrub-oaks mostly. The foothills are covered with scrub-oaks. 
The valleys and dryer hills are covered with sagebrush, greasewood, 
and rabbit bushes. The alkaline flats are covered with members 
of the beet family. The early flowers in the valleys are beautiful; 
those on the foothills are more so and far more numerous; those in. 
the .mountains are of endless variety and exceedingly beautiful, 
equaling those of Colorado. 

RANGES, STOCK, POULTRY, ETC. 

Stock, in Utah, winter without the nccessit}' of feeding. We, 
therefore, have winter and summer ranges. The former ranges are 
in the foot-hills, valleys, and out on what (for lack of a better name) 
is called the "desert." The forage of the valleys is made up of 
wild wheat {Agropyrum repens), one of the most nutritious grasses 
to be found anywhere; grama grass (very valuable); bunch grass 
{Poa, Ffs/Ui-a, etc.) etc. On the desert these grasses prevail, and 
also the winter fat {F.urotia), sand bunch grass {Oryzo/>sis (us/it/a/a) 
the very l)est of all grasses, white sage {Atriple.x), etc. If the 
stock begin the winter in good condition they will come out fairly, 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 41 

unless the snow is too deep, feeding on these plants since these do 
not lose their strength like other grasses. When these fail then 
stock browse on the white sage, sagebrush, and even cedar and 
oak. As spring approaches the animals climb the foothills, follow- 
ing the season, till in July and later they are in the heart of the 
mountains. Here the wild wheat, multitudinous bunch grasses, 
meadow grasses, wild rye, red top, beard grass, blue grass, peavine, 
and multitudes of others abound and furnish the best of forage; 
stock soon get rolling fat in the mountains: then as winter ap- 
proaches they descend to the valleys. 

There are more sheep in Utah than any other kind of stock. 
The market is overrun with them. There are nearly 2,000,000 
and the wool clip last year was g, 000, 000 pounds. The grade of 
sheep is greatl}' improved over what it was a few years ago, there 
being many merinos *and cotswolds now, the average clip is about 
six pounds per head. Sheep sell at ^2.00 to $2.50 per head for 
stock, while fat wethers are nearly double that price. We ship 
thousands of these to the Chicago market. 

There are several hundred thousand cattle in the Territory. 
During the last ten years the grade has been raised greatly, and is 
constanth' improving, b}^ the introduction of Durhams, Alderneys, 
Herefords, Jerseys, Holsteins, etc. 

A large amount of butter and cheese is made in Utah, but no 
effort is made to produce a first class quality, and much butter 
is imported. Creameries are being established and we shall soon 
stop the importation of butter. The average price of butter is 
thirty cents. 

Utah has a fair grade of horses and annually ships many to 
Colorado and other eastern places. It is a common remark among 
new comers that Salt Lake has more fine horses than any city of 
its size. Even the livery horses are uniformly good. This is due 
to the great care and expense in importing the best blooded horses 
for breeding. Our farmers keep up their best stock both cattle 
and horses and feed them with as much care as is done anywhere. 

Many mules are raised in Utah, which bring good prices. 

There are many goats raised here, the country seems to be 
specially adapted to them. The hair of the finer grades of goats 
ought to be very valuable. 

We raise thousands of hogs, but not enough to supply the de- 
mand. There is no reason why we should not produce enough 
pork to prevent the importation of any. 

There is a large amount of poultry raised in Utah, but the 
market is seldom overstocked. 

Systematic efforts are being made to raise fish and in every 
case success follows. 

Honey is raised in quantities to supply the demand. 



42 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 



GREAT SALT LAKE. 



Great Salt Lake, the "Dead Sea of America," has been the 
victim of more yarns than any other body of water; among these 
we mention a few. It has been said that "no bird can f\y over its 
waters without falHng dead," "it sleeps forever, no waves dance 
over it, no surf roar breaks the stillness about it, lifeless, dull and 
heavy," a California party is said to have "planted whales in it," 
"there is an underground outlet and a whirlpool that sucks in small 
boats;" "sea-serpents sport in its waters," etc. 

In recent geological times the Lake covered most of western 
Utah: the mountain ranges were islands or peninsulas of great 
length; the water was fresh, i,ooo feet deep, and had an outlet 
through Red Rock Gap, where a large, deep, but gentle, river went 
to swell the great Columbia in its onward march to the ocean. The 
grandeur of this great sea (18,000 square miles in extent), as large 
as Lake Huron, with its icebergs floating off from the glaciers 
which plowed their way down the canyons, its tremendous waves, 
its great rivers, all set in a border of dense black forests, and lit up 
by long chains of lofty mountains, glistening almost to their bases 
with perpetual snow, can hardly be described or imagined. The 
Lake teemed with fish and fowl of almost every variety, and the 
country with deer, elk, buffalo, mountain sheep, bear, foxes, wolves, 
etc. The beautiful columbine, the pride of Utah, with its white, 
pink and lavender blossoms, grew on every hill; the blue foxglove 
and larkspur in every valley; the open country was carpeted with 
luxuriant grass. But the climate Vv^as gradually changing: there 
were periods when the snow crept far down the slopes and into the 
valleys, and periods when it receded far up the mountains: but at 
the end of every cycle, it was found to be gradually disappearing; 
so the forests climbed the mountains, the valle}s opened out into 
magnificent parks, covered with grass and decked with multitudes 
of beautiful flowers, and enriched with clumps of firs and scattered 
pines and groves of deciduous trees. Still greater changes came 
over the beautiful land. The volcanoes were still in active opera- 
tion, hurling ashes and lava into the Lake, belching out fire, and 
painting the sky with the ominous cypress tree cloud. The 
river, the outlet, gradual!}- wore awa}- its lime-stone bed to a 
depth of 360 feet, draining large areas, and now the increasing 
warmth of the climate parched the land, dried up the little 
streams and contracted the large rivers till the water of the 
Lake no longer flowed from the outlet, and the mineral matter in 
it increased with the evaporation till the fish all died. The 
snow disappeared from the lofty mountains, the forests faded away 
in the valleys, leaving only cottonwoods and willows sprinkled 
along the streams. The Lake had dried up to one-tenth of its 
former size, being about 75 miles long by 50 wide, but the valleys 



OF SALT LAKK CITV. 43 

were still covered with luxuriant grass the home of much game and 
the most pleasant spot between the mountains, when the Indians 
came and settled here. How long they were here no one knows, 
but it was a long timt, sufficient for a wide-spread opinion to get 
out that somewhere in the great West there was a strange salt sea 
and fertile valleys held by powerful Indian tribes. In 1689, Baron 
La Hontan wrote a confused account of a salt sea, powerful cities, 
bearded men, boats 130 feet long navigating the salt sea, cattle 
raising, etc., most of which referred to Mexico probably. Some- 
where near 1776, Father Escalante reached Utah lake, where the 
Indians told him of another lake to the north whose waters "are 
noxious and extremely salt" producing 'an itching sensation in the 
moistened parr;" it is uncertain whether he actually visited Great 
Salt Lake or not. Soon after the year 1800 trappers began to push 
their way all over the west in search of furs, and as Utah lake was, 
and still is one of the best places for trapping, it is probable that 
the first white man who ever saw the Great Salt Lake was one of 
those daring but nameless men, the courageous pioneers, who car- 
ried his life in his hands, perished by the arrow of a skulking Indian 
assassin, or died on the desert alone choked with thirst, whose bones 
the coyote picked, and whose glory will be sung only in the great 
hereafter. In 1820, Mr. Miller, belonging to the Astor party (which 
Washington Irving has immortalized), saw and visited the Lake. 
The same year Prevost trapped along it. In 1824 or 1825 
Major James Bridger saw and perhaps visited it. In 1826 
four trappers sailed around it in canoes made of hide, in 
in search of beaver. In 1831 or 1832 Captain Bonneville examined 
the Lake and made a written account of it. The Lake was named 
"Bonneville" after him by Washington Irving, but Sublette, Fitz- 
patrick, Fontanelle, Deippe, Bridger and Campbell saw it before he 
did. When Fremont went through he gave it its present name. 
Fremont sailed on the Lake on September gth, 1843; he was in a 
rubber boat, with Kit Carson and others. He sailed over to Fre- 
mont Island, found the elevation of the Lake to be 4,200 feet above 
the sea, which is correct within 10 feet, 4,210, and determined the 
latitude and longitude. In 1817 (July 24th) the Mormons, 
attracted by Fremont's report, arrived in the Valley, and soon 
afterwards visited the Lake. In 1849, Captain Stansbury sur- 
veyed, sounded and mapped the Lake. In 1869 the Government 
again surveyed it; since that time it has been the subject of much 
study. 

The Lake is 75 miles long by 50 wide in the widest place, and 
350 miles around; area, 2,000 square miles; the average depth is 
now about 15 feet, though it varies greatly in different years: the 
greatest depth is now about ;^^ feet: the density is about 20 per cent, 
solid matter, it also varies greatly with the oscillations, being greatest 
when the Lake is shallowest; there are some 6,000,000,000 tons of 



44 RESOl'KCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

salt in the Lake. The western side is very shallow. There are 
three rivers and several small streams emptying into it; on 
the eastern side these carry a large body of water but they only 
raise the surface about 14 inches in spring and it is all evaporated 
to the old level by the last of October. Since the rainfall and 
evaporation are not always equal, the surface of the Lake rises in 
some years and falls in others, the total oscillation has been about 
12 feet within the last dozen years. It is on the downward march 
now and may continue for a time when it will rise again, 12 feet or 
more. The water is a beautiful green and is so clear that objects 
can be seen distinctly at a depth of 15 feet and the bottom can be 
made out to a depth of 25 feet: it has a peculiarly clean appear- 
ance: the waves and swells roll in so lazily as though their great 
experience had taught them to take life easily; but when lashed by 
a gale they come with majestic grandeur, the spray flying in clouds, 
foaming, hissing, curling, till the}' break on the shore with deafen- 
ing roar that can be heard for miles, shaking the earth and making 
everything tremble within their reach. A storm on the Lake is 
grand, awe-inspiring, and tries the mettle of the bravest; and yet 
the waves are slow to rise, and the Lake is not any more subject to 
storms than other bodies of water of its size. In winter the 
water is very cold, reaching a temperature of 18 degrees above zero 
before it freezes, and even then only a little scum forms on the sur- 
face. There is more life in the water than in any body of its size, 
fresh or salt, but the species are few. There is an A/ga (sea-weed) 
about the size and shape of buckshot, looking like a globule of 
green jelly, which abounds everywhere in countless numbers. Upon 
the A/ga feeds a minute shrimp, from a quarter to half an inch 
long, which looks like a very small minnow with a feathery tail. 
There are billions of these — in every bucketful of water there are 
hundreds of them; these are beautiful and harmless little creatures. 
Upon the shrimps feeds a little worm, the iarva of a small black fly. 
The shrimps and lanuv hatch out in June, and the latter enter the 
pupa state in July, attaching themselves to the floating Algce like so 
many black oais, and there remain till they come out as greasy 
little black flies, when they sit on the water and enjoy themselves, 
till the sea gulls and other birds use them for other purposes. 

Two mountain chains run north and south through the Lake 
leaving a train of islands in their wake. The Oquirrhs leave Ante- 
lope, several thousand feet high; F'remont, a low island; and a 
short distance from the latter the Promontory begins and runs far 
to the northward till it joins the north shore some thirty miles 
away, this is a lofty but narrow mountain range extending from 
the north end of the Lake nearly half way to the south shore. 
Some fifteen miles to the westward the Aqui mountains run into 
the Lake leaving Stansbury, Egg, Carrington and Hat Island. 



OF SALT LAKK CITY. 45 

The next range to the west leaves Strong's Knob, Gunnison and 
Dolphin Islands. Dropping these for the present let us turn to the 

BATHING AND LAKE RESORTS. 

The bathing season begins about June ist and continues till 
October 15th. The temperature of the water at first is about 60 
degrees, during August it goes up to 85 degrees and remains there 
for some weeks. 

There are but two bathing resorts on the Lake that the people 
of Salt Lake patronize, one is at Garfield and the other at Lake 
Park. 

Bathing in Great Salt Lake is one of the most delightful 
recreations possible, the water is so heavy (nearly 20 per cent, salt) 
that a person cannot sink in it. As one walks out into deep water 
he finds himself growing lighter and lighter, till when he is up to 
his arm-pits he ceases to weigh anything, his toes are helpless 
for locomotion in the ordinary way, and a little farther out he is 
lifted entirely off his feet and floats upright with his head, neck 
and tip of the shoulders out of the water without any exertion on 
his part. It is a strange sensation, one that he never experienced 
before; the bather soon becomes conscious that his feet are lighter 
than his head and they are constantly seeking the surface, now they 
slowly tip him over in front, now sideways, now backwards, and 
thus with great deliberation he wobbles this way and that like an 
ill-balanced cork, but a slight stroke of the hand occasionally will 
keep him upright and thus he floats at ease in the water; when 
this becomes monotonous the bather can roll over and lie stretched 
out on his back floating with one-quarter of his body above the 
water without the slightest motion even so much as of a finger; or 
if he likes he can stick out both his hands and his feet and still 
float about, the sport of the current if there is any. If he attempts 
to swim he will find his feet constantly splashing the water like a 
child's just learning, till he gets accustomed to the dense water. 
Swimming in the old way is very slow because of the heavy water, 
but by throwing the body high out and going hand over hand, as 
much or more speed can be obtained than in fresh water. A per- 
son must use caution and not allow the salt water to get into his 
lungs as it is very irritating and causes so much pain that he can- 
not remain in the water long after it, without inconvenience. When 
the waves are high it is great sport to battle with the breakers, 
and dangerous too, if he gets struck squarely by one of the high 
waves he is liable to get rolled, which will end that sport for him 
for the day, since his mouth, nose and eyes will be filled with 
oolitic sand and salt water, a not very palatable diet, though very 
"good for the catarrh. It often happens that a bather stays in the 
water an hour or more, and sometimes feels very chilly on coming 



4G 



RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIllNS 



out (because of staying in too long), but if he simply rubs himself 
dry and does not use the shower bath the salt will produce such a 
glow that in an hour he will feel as well or better than ever. The 
water has a marked effect on cutaneous diseases and catarrh, and 
is a remarkable general tonic. The preservative qualities of the 
water are such that timber never rots while under the surface, and 
meat can be quickly corned if left in it. Fully four times the 
whole population of Salt Lake City go out to the Lake every 
year. 

ANALYSES OF GKKAT ^jALT LAKE, ETC. 







aJ 


s 


to 
to 


ci 


o . 






C-. C6 






05 


B * 






5- 


il 


'x«5 


"2 


Is 






•g 


d 




0) 

Q 


<<=> 


Per ct. Clilorulf of Sodium 


20.196 


11.862X 


13.3765 


12.110 


2.673 




SulpliiiH' of Sodium . 


LK54 


.9421 


1.1213 




. 




' Uroniidc of Sodium 










.0417 




' Cliloride of Masruesium 


.252 


1.4902 


1.6908 


7.822 


.3229 




' Suljihiiti' of .Mii;:iK'.siuiu 










.1975 




Itromide of MiifriK'siuin 








.251 














2.455 






Sulphate of Calcium 




.0858 


.1485 


.068 






Chloride of t'otassium 








1.217 


.1-29 




Sulplirtteof Pota.ssium 




.5363 


.4197 




.1629 




' Alumiuum Compounds 








.056 






' Lithium . 




Trace 




























.0»62 


.125 








Total 


22.282 


14 9934 


16 8818 


23.979 


3.5271 



*l)r. Gale's analysis is certainly erroneous; it should be over 30 per cent, but it is the 
only one we have of early date. 

GARFIELD. 

Suppose we take a trip to Garfield some afternoon in July. 
On consulting our time card we hnd that there are six trains a 
day each way, so we have ample opportunity to get there at any 
time desired. At train time we attempt to get on a street car, but 
it is crowded to suffocation. So we follow the crowds and soon 
arrive at the Utah & Nevada depot, where a double-header with 
perhaps fifteen cars is ready to start; the grounds are swarming 
with people; finally all manage to get seated, packed like sardines; 
we purchase a round trip ticket for fifty cents and join the crowd; 
soon we are off, a thousand or more of us. We are (juick'y out of 
the City, cross the "classic" Jordan, and for ten miles we ride over 
the plain directly west toward the Oquirrhs. The snowy top of 
Mt. Nebo, lOO miles away, towers above the intervening mountains 
beyond the southern end of Salt Lake valle}'. As we go the lofty, 
precipitous Wasatch, rising 8,ooo feet above the valley, seem to 
tower into the sky instead of growing less, with all their rugged 
ridges and canyons plainly visible. The snow still clings to their 
summits, as though def\ing tlie utmost powers of tlie summer sun. 



OK SAF-T LAKK CITY. 47 

We are soon skirting along the base of the Oquirrhs on whose 
sides are plainly visible the old beach marks rising tier above tier 
parallel with each other and following in a horizontal line the con- 
tour of the mountains. We pass through meadows and by green 
fields of lucerne, and catch the first view of the Lake in a narrow 
green line above which the islands and even the farther shore of 
the Lake are elevated by the mirage, like castles in the air. We 
are soon at Black Rock, the old resort, where a lone rock stands 
out in the Lake like a sentinel, black and grim. This is where the 
first bathing was had, and where a resort was afterward established 
and used till a better place was selected beyond. Passing through 
a little cut we suddenly come out into view of the fine resort Gar- 
field costing $70,000 and located on a beautiful white-sandy beach; 
in a few minutes more, after a delightful ride of forty minutes from 
the City, we are there. The station is a building 350 by 50 feet 
and 25 feet high, furnished with an excellent dining hall, lunch 
counter, bathing suit office, and an open waiting room, situated 
some 35 feet above the water, giving an extensive view of the Lake 
and a full view of the pavilion and bathing below, while affording 
perfect enjoyment of the cool breezes from the water, and pro- 
tection from the sun. The tower in the center of the building has 
a second story with an observatory where a still better view can be 
obtained. Across the track is the bowery, a commodious building, 
where people can eat their lunch and enjoy themselves generally. 
Near by are the games and shooting gallery, and farther off the 
race track and ball ground. Two broad stairways lead down from 
the station to the promenade, on either side of which are the 300 
commodious bath-houses, each six by eight feet, furnished with 
wash-stands, shower-baths, mirrors, etc. From the bath house 
platform, stairs lead down to the water where is a beautiful, clean, 
sandy bottom gradually deepening till beyond the pavilion the 
depth is sufficient to suit the most exacting. The promenade is 
about 15 feet wide and 300 long leading from the stairs at the foot 
of the station out over the water to the pavilion, a beautiful struc- 
ture 165 by 65 feet and 30 feet high, built on piles and 15 feet or 
more above the water, it has three towers, is open all around, has 
a waxed floor for dancing, has innumerable chairs for the accom- 
modation of the public who wish to sit and enjoy the cool breezes 
and watch the bathers and dancers. Beneath the pavilion and 
connected with it by a stairway is the steamboat landing, where 
for twenty-five cents a delightful ride on the Lake can be obtained. 
Near the landing is the boat floor where all sorts of boats can be 
hired for any length of time. When the Lake is calm the bathers 
can stretch out on tlieir backs and lie as motionless as logs upon 
the water and even go to sleep Boating around as lazily, sometimes 
spending hours there without danger, but when a storm is 
on the Lake, then the breakers roll in at Garfield with indescrib- 



48 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

able fury, foaming, boiling, and pounding on the shore with deafen- 
ing roar; then the strongest bather can have all the battling with 
the breakers that he wants, and more than he wants, for the waves 
come in from the deepest part of the Lake with a sweep of 75 
miles before they break upon the shore. Within what appears to 
be a stone's throw from the station rise the lofty Oquirrh moun- 
tains (to the southward) to a hight of nearly a mile above the 
Lake, the tall trees near their summits look like brush and the 
patches of snow still lingering in the hollows are in strange con- 
trast with the crowds of people cooling off in the warm waters of 
the Lake below. Suppose we take a climb up the mountain to see 
what we can see. Leaving the bathers to enjoy themselves we 
start out for the mountain thinking to reach the base in a minute 
or two and to reach the top in an hour. We are some ten minutes 
in getting to the base of the mountain, and as we turn to look at 
the station we find it has grown (piite small, and we are at least 
100 feet above it; then we climb a few minutes and get out of 
breath, when sitting down we enjoy the increasingly beautiful view; 
perhaps in an hour we get up to what below seemed like a roadway 
along the mountain, but it turns out to be one of the old beaches 
of the Lake, it is almost level, from 30 to 100 feet wide and as 
smooth and even as though it were a railroad grade just finished, 
we could walk along this for miles and find places where it is 300 
feet wide; near by we find a large cave which was beaten out of 
the rocks by the waves of the old Lake, it is 30 or 40 feet deep 
and 10 to 15 high, here we stop to rest, for the climb is very tire- 
some. Sitting on a projecting point of the rocks we look down 
upon Garfield now reduced to a mere toy, the music of the band 
playing for the dancers floats up to us in far away tones; the 
throngs of people swarming around the buildings are reduced to 
diminutive proportions, and the heavily loaded train just coming 
in puffing and whistling adds still another thousand to the crowds 
already there. Before us lies the Lake in all its beaut}', with its 
many islands plainly visible even to the farther shore, and all the 
mountain ranges for many miles on all sides stand out in bold 
relief. About us are strange and beautiful flowers in great variety. 
The setting sun reminds us that our time is spent, and as we look 
up the mountain we seem scarcely to have begun to climb it, so 
we return to the station and are soon speeding along in the twilight 
to the City. This little railroad carried 80,000 people to the Lake 
last year. 

LAKE PARK. 

A sojourn in Salt Lake is not complete without a trip to Lake 
Park. We find by the time table that the D. & R. G. W. Ry. also 
runs six trains a day each v/ay. When train time comes, though 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 49 

three car lines run to the depot, the jam is found on the street cars the 
same as before, and the same crowds going on foot to the cars. The 
depot is commodious, the attendants very courteous, and the ac- 
commodations ample. This road has the advantage of being a 
through line, and all through passengers can enjoy a batli in the 
Lake at no extra expense. The arrangements for handling trains 
are perfect, and in a few minutes the long train is ready to start,, 
loaded perhaps with a thousand or fifteen hundred people. We 
roll out of the depot smoothly and swiftly, the road-bed being so 
well laid and ballasted that the high speed is not felt in disagree- 
able jolting. We fly past North Salt Lake, skim along Hot Spring 
lake, where we have fine duck-shooting in the fall and good skating 
at New Year's; we stop a moment at Beck's Hot Springs to let off 
the invalids who have come from far and near to enjoy its healing 
waters. When we start up again we are spinning along over one of 
the garden spots of Utah. We pass through a succession of lux- 
uriant lucerne and waving grain fields, and by orchards of all 
kinds of fruit and innumerable garden patches, which supply the 
Salt Lake markets with a great variety of vegetables. At Wood's 
Cross we see a magnificent artesian well spouting a clear cold 
stream of water like a runaway hydrant. This is a beautiful strip 
of land between the mountains and the Lake; it is completely 
covered with farms, orchards and settlements, and nestles close 
under the snow-capped mountains. At Lake Shore we pass many 
artesian wells, some of them producing sufficient natural gas to 
supply the houses with light and possibly fuel; near here we go 
over an arm of the Lake and see the extensive salt ponds and great 
piles of salt and the men shoveling it up and wheeling it away as 
they would so much dirt, and at about the same expense. The 
fresh cool breeze from the Lake fans our faces delightfully; out on 
the water we see two or three schooners and a number of small 
sail and row boats. A few minutes more and we are at Farmington 
where in a gentle curve we turn off toward the Park, a mile away. 
We have been less than 35 minutes in coming 16 miles from the 
City. In approaching the resort, we go close to the water where 
we have a fine view of the boats and bathers, then we pass around 
a great loop going by all the buildings and grounds and viewing 
the crowds, when we stop at the pavilion after doubling back 
on our track. There is a general rush for the bath houses; these 
are unusually large and are furnished with wash-stands, mirrors, 
shower-baths, etc. 

The grounds here are nearly level and but slightly above the 
water. The main building is the pavilion, 60 feet square, and 
nearly as high; it is an open affair, and, like that at Garfield, has a 
waxed dancing floor, with seats around the sides, and a platform 
for the orchestra. There are two buildings, one on either side of 
the pavilion, 50 by 30 feet; the one on the north is used as a res- 



■50 KKSOL'IU'KS AMI ATTHA( TIONS 

taurant, where veiy fine meals are served for 50 cents. 1 he poHte 
attention and unusual efforts put forth to suppl}' every want of the 
visitor are ver}" noticeable here. On the east side of the track and 
inside of the loop is the Bowery, fitted up with seats and furnished 
with a lunch counter, ice water, etc.; near by are the ball, croquet 
and tennis grounds; just outside of the loop on a grassy slope is a 
row of summer cottages for visitors; not far away are little arbors 
tastily fixed up; there is also a large cook-stove, where those so in- 
clined, can make their own coffee or tea or cook what they may de- 
sire. No pains seem to have been spared to supply every possible 
want. On the west side of the pavilion are the rows of bath- 
houses all facing westward and parallel with the shore. The water 
is shallow and the waves are seldom boisterous; there is scarcely 
an}- difference in tl,e buoyanc}- of the water between here and else- 
where. A long covered pier runs out from the shore into the water 
and is furnished with seats the entire length; it is delightful to 
spend hours on this pier to enjoy the Lake breezes, and watch the 
bathers and boats that all da}- long are coming and going, intent 
upon their own enjoyment. Since the water here is generally so 
smooth, rowing is one of the favorite pastimes; and yet this place 
is almost always favored with a gentle breeze, sufficient for sailing, 
but not strong enough to make the water ver}- rough; this is due 
doubtless to the shallowness. The sojourner at Lake Park will 
find many things to benefit and interest him. The managers of the 
Park, with their accustomed shrewdness, have established a signal 
station and equipped it with all the necessary instruments for 
meteorological observations, even to a water thermometer. The 
result though not (juite co\ering a } ear, has shown some interesting 
thin[;s. The relative humidit}- is very high, going far to supply the 
jilace of the ocean for those who are suffering from nervous dis- 
orders. A residence at Lake Park during the summer would be 
very helpful to those thus af^icted. 'Ihe rainfall is not so great as 
in the City. The temperature is much more even than at any other 
signal statioK in Utah, the maximum temperature is five degrees 
lower than at Salt Lake City, seldom reaching 90 degrees; the min- 
imum temperature is much higher than in the City. The move- 
Dient of the wind is less than here, though Salt Lake has less wind 
than any cit}- of its size in the United States. Therefore those 
who imagine that it is more wind} at Lake Park need not 
give that a second thought. There is almost always a gentle 
breeze from somewhere; in the evening it is from the east or south; 
there is a short calm in the middle of the forenoon, then the wind 
rises from the northwest, or north, and blows till four o'clock, when 
there is a short cahii. or it whips round at once to the south or east, 
and blows all niglit. In the early morning when Antelope Island, 
eleven miles away, and all the far-away mountains to the westward 
are golden with moining sunlight, and the Park is still in the twi- 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 51 

light under the shadow of the Wasatch, the visitor can stroll over 
to the neighboring farm-houses and drink fresh milk, eat straw- 
berries and cream; or, later, enjoy all sorts of fruits through the 
proverbial hospitality of the farmer. It is but a few miles to the 
lofty mountains whose rugged canyons abound in picturesque 
scenery and lovely flowers. The tourist can ride on horseback to 
the top of the mountains by noon, where the snow-banks still lin- 
ger, and where he sees the whole Lake spread out at his feet, with 
all its bordering mountains and islands, and smooth as glass, reflect- 
ing the clouds and islands like a mirror; or, at other times, green 
with rolling waves. On the east of the Wasatch he sees the Union 
Pacific long before it reaches Ogden; he sees the mazes of hills 
and mountains to the east, and even the snowy Uintas far away. 
On the south Mt. Nebo, over a hundred miles off, rears its gray 
old summit above all else. He sees extending north and south the 
Wasatch, the Oquirrhs, the Aqui and other ranges for many miles 
running in lines farther and farther westward till they are lost in 
the haze of distance. It is a grand panorama. In descending 
noisily, the tourist will startle many grouse doubtless, and even 
some deer, for they are not uncommon in these localities. On 
reaching the Park, and after a suitable rest, the visitor will want to 
take an evening row on the water, while the gay dancers are waltz- 
ing to sweet music under the electric lights, or the more sedate are 
promenading along the covered pier under the incandescent lamps. 
The cost of this resort was about $60,000, and last year there were 
nearly 60,000 people carried to it. There have been as high as 
5,000 people on the grounds at once, in the hight of the season. 

BOATING. 

It is not probable that the Indians ever navigated the Lake, 
though they may have gone across from the mainland to Antelope, 
or skirted along the shore hunting ducks and geese, of which there 
were millions at the mouths of the streams. The first white men's 
boats were made of skins, then came Fremont with his rubber boat, 
then the Mormons with small row boats, then Capt. Stansbury with 
his sail "yacht," a flat-bottomed scow, called the "Salicornia," and 
a row-boat or two; next came the Walker Bros, with a sailing 
yacht; in 1868 General Connor built a small schooner, the "Kate 
Connor," and in '6g a schooner of 100 tons called the "Pluri- 
bustah." John W. Young then built the '-Lady of the Lake", a 
pleasure steamer, and in 1870 F'ox Diefendorf built the "City of 
Corinne", costing $45,000: it was a three-decked large pleasure 
steamer, capable of carrying many people; this is still afloat under 
the name of the "Garfield". A little side-wheel steamer was 
built a few years ago by Capt. Douris called the "Susie Riter," and 
used a year or more, but in a storm it went down at its anchor. 



O'Z RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

The "Eloise Sherman" is a propellor, now used for excursions. 
There are many sail-boats on the Lake. The fastest is the cata- 
maran "'Cambria". There are two or three large schooners, used 
in hauling salt, ties and wood. The water of the Lake is so dense 
that a boat to be fast must be very sharp. Most of the boats made 
so far have been after the plan of ocean boats, and have been fail- 
ures for speed; sometimes in tacking, the waves are so heavy 
that they stop the boat at every blow, and it is utterly impossible 
to make any headway; more rational ideas are being generally 
adopted and better results will follow. The Lake is so shallow at 
the shores that deep draft boats are out of the question; cata- 
marans are therefore the speediest and most useful. 

It has been claimed that Great Salt Lake is the fastest water 
in the civilized part of the world, and of course this has been 
laughed at by the knowing ones, but last year the Mississippi Row- 
ing Association paid us a visit and held a regatta on the Lake. 
The result was, that the Modocs, a four-oared crew won the race, a 
mile and and a half with a turn, in the time of 8 minutes and 36 
seconds, which was 34 seconds faster than the best time on record. 
This settles the fastness of our water. Boats float nearly one-third 
higher in this than in fresh water. 

There are two strong rowiwg clubs on the Lake: the "Salt 
Lake," at Lake Park, and the "Garfield," at Garfield. The "Salt 
Lake" has $1500 worth of boats, a membership of over 50, and is 
in a very flourishing condition. It has two each of the follow- 
ing boats: singles, doubles, fours and sixes. It has spent $2,500 
to $3,000 already, and has S325 in the treasury. Milt. Barratt is 
the captain of the club; it belongs to the Mississippi \'alley 
Rowing Association. The boat-house is 65 by 30 and 13 feet high, 
with a second story additional, open all aroiind for spectators. 

The "Garfield" club has a membership of over 70; it has 
$1,230 in the treasury, and is to have two each of the following 
boats: singles, doubles, and fours, besides a number of other boats; 
William Glasmann is the captain. It is promised the commo- 
dious steamer Garfield as its boat-house. A club is about to be 
organized at Ogden; this w'ill be a strong one also, and will make 
the competition very sharp between the various resorts, and will 
result in some fine rowing, and probably a break in the records 
of all kinds of boats. 

Sailing on Great Salt Lake is one of the most pleasant 
pastimes. Suppose we unfurl our sail at Lake Park and, on a 
swift boat, take advantage of the pleasant south breeze after hav- 
ing provided ourselves with a plentiful supply of water and pro- 
visions for a few days' sail. Going westward we sail for six or 
eight miles over water only a few feet deep, and see patches where 
the bottom is covered with the shells of fresh-water molluscs 
(washed in from the streams) caught by the roots and stems of the 



OF SALT LAKK CITV. 53 

salt grass, which forty years ago ilourished there and were over- 
whehned by the rising brine, but perfectly preserved. The water 
has so nearly reached its former level that these plants are close to 
the surface. The roots of the sagebrush, that a generation ago 
grew on the storm line, are now but a few inches l^ielow the surface 
while the trunks stand out of the water like so many ghostly sen- 
tinels over their graves. A strong wind soon springs up, and we 
go bowling along at a livel}' rate that is very refreshing. Antelope, 
15 miles long by 5 wide and several thousand feet high, is directly 
in front of us, with its serrated summits and its hazy sides be- 
coming every moment more distinct, till we see the large stock 
barn, then the ranch house nestled in a grove of luxuriant apple 
trees, then the grassy meadows, the white shore and the beauti- 
ful spring with its lining of water cresses. We turn off abruptly 
northward, fly past the lovel}' beach, in a beautiful open bay, where 
Salt Lake's great bathing resort is to be with its city of summer 
residences. We skirt along the many sandy stretches and past 
the rocky points, night closing around us, and just as we reach the 
last bay on the Island a great red finger rises rapidly from behind 
the distant Wasatch and towering up seems to bend over toward 
us as if to warn us not to trespass farther; the new moon never 
seems so weird, forebo'ing, nor more unlike itself than when 
i't rises half out from behind the far away hills. We cast our an- 
chor after furling our sails, and go to sleep, secure against all 
insect foes, with little covering except the starry heavens. There 
is almost no dew and the water is so warm that we sleep comfor- 
tably. The next morning* "the scene is calm and lovely in the ex- 
treme. The rays of the rising sun, glancing brightly over the 
eastern mountains, shines upon the tiny ripples of the placid little 
bay, upon whose bosom a flock of snow-white gulls are calmly 
floating; while the green and gently sloping shores are covered 
with a luxuriant growth of rich and waving grass. Several little 
mocking birds are singing gayly on the shore, and the shrill cheer- 
ful whistle of the curlew resounds along the beach. Four graceful 
antelopes are quietly grazing on the grassy slope, while the crj^ of 
the wild duck and the trumpet note of the sand-hill crane are 
heard in the distance." Again we spread our sails to profit by the 
small remnant of the south wind before it gives way to the north 
wind. 

A few miles further norllnvard. low-lying, is Fremont Island, 
with one of the finest bays on the Lake, where a boat can sail 
straight up to the beach witliout difficulty, and have protection 
from the storms; but we pass this by, and, after rounding the north 
point of Antelope, strike out for the western shore, across the 
deepest part of the Lake. The north wind now rises, and as we 

* Captiin Stansbury's picture of lliis .''pot iu 1850. 



54 RESOURCES AM) ATTRACTION'S 

pass along toward the hazy, far-away shore, the sea-gulls circle 
around us, screaming, and settle on the water ahead of us, rising 
and falling with the waves as lightly as the foam, their plumage 
white and clean as the snow, and they gracefully bob their heads 
as they pick up the little flies or shrimps upon which they feed; as 
we approach they rise upon the wing to repeat the maneuvre far- 
ther ahead, or wheel backward to fight over a crust of bread that we 
may have thrown overboard. Every now and then a hawk-moth will 
flit by or alight on the boat; dragon flies will stop long enough to 
gaze at us curiously, and then spin off toward the distant islands, 
occasionally a locust will hum past or a butterfly sail lazily along. 
As we approach Hat Island we can just discern the top of Dolphin 
Island, like a speck on the horizon far to the northwestward; 
Strong's Knob is more plainly visible and Gunnison Island near by 
it, but it v.ill take too long to go to them. Before us Hat Island rises 
from a mere speck to an island 50 feet high covering an acre or two. 
As we approach, the shore is covered with large white birds, which on 
nearer view turn out to be sedate pelicans, on every projecting 
point are perched many gulls and the air is full of screaming birds. 
The moment we set foot on land all the feathered tribe rise into the 
air with a combined scream and roar of wings like thunder; the air 
is darkened with them; there are thousands upon thousands; they 
fly only a few feet above our heads, in every possible direction, and 
as we look up the air is one confused mass of brown wings and 
snow-white bodies shooting past with great rapidity, while the 
noise of their cries is deafening. Close to the shore in the low tops 
of the Sarcobatus bushes are many nests of the great blue heron; 
the nests are 3 feet in diameter, and stout enough for a man to 
stand upon. The half-grown birds rise up in the nests and hiss at 
us with feathers ruflled, and eyes glaring; farther away the mother 
birds, nearly as tall as we are, watch our movements with anxiety. 
Among the bushes the little sea-gulls have run their heads under 
the first twig or tuft of grass, thinkmg themselves hidden, while 
the rest of their downy bodies are in full view. The herds of half- 
grown pelicans, largo as geese and woolly as lambs, and about as 
odorous, go waddling, rolling and tumbling over each other with 
calf-like stupidity, in their slow haste toward die water, but once on 
the water they are as graceful as swans, anl float out of harm's 
reach in long lines like soldiers on the march. All around us the 
water is covered with these snowy birds, giving it an aspect of life 
not seen elsewhere, and yet there is not a drop of fresh water nor a 
fish to be found within 20 miles. As we move away the gulls set- 
tle down like flecks of snow upon the island, and call together their 
frightened offspring, and the long lines of pelicans turn back to 
their liomc; the old birds waddle to their nests and stand 
over them in solemn dignity, musing the while over the strange ap- 
parition that had so lately scared them out of their senses. We sail 



OF SALT I,AKE CITY. 55 

a few miles farther southward in the dreamy afternoon and come to 
Carrington Island, a low grassy spot a mile square cr more, with 
several open bays and beautiful sandy beaches. Passing by this 
we see several low islands to the westward, and the lofty Stansbury 
directly in front of us. Passing along the eastern side of the latter 
we find it the most interesting of all the islands; it is the highest, 
the most rugged, the most picturesque, and has the most vegeta- 
tion. It is indented by numerous open bays, which sweep from 
point to point in arcs of circles like so many bended bows; 
the beach is composed of the white oolitic sand, free from 
boulders, and it slopes quickly to the water where it forms a beau- 
tiful bottom and then deepens rapidly, so that any draft of boat 
can come close to the shore. We cast our anchor in one of these 
beautiful spots and go on land. As we wander on the beach and 
among the rocks, we find many rare plants, insects and fossils. If 
we should climb the peaks we would obtain a view never to be for- 
gotten; but the dark stoim-cloud coming up from the northeast 
warns us to seek our boat and make ready for a blow. Quickly 
getting on board and stowing everything away from the reach of 
the water, double-reefing our sail, and steering out into deep water 
we are ready for the blast. The water on the horizon looks very 
dark green, and before long in the midst of the green appears the 
snowy line of white caps approaching; a few moments more and 
the wind is singing through the rigging, and we are flying along be- 
fore it, steering for Garfield, 30 miles away, now entirely hidden 
from view beneath the water. The waves break all around us, the 
foam flies from our bow, the waves rise rapidly, becoming three, 
four, five, six, eight and even ten feet high, tossing us like a cork, 
splashing us with water and possibh' breaking over us now and 
then; they seem very savage, but we keep on our course and are 
not long in going our 30 miles; Garfield soon looms up and shortly 
we are anchored safely behind Black Rock, after a sail of 150 
miles on the great salt sea. 

MOUNTAIN RESORTS. ' 

The nearest mountain resort is in City Creek. Seven miles 
above the City the rugged scener}- begins. There the cool moun- 
tain streams come down from all sides, and lined with beauti- 
ful flowers of every hue. Tliere are all sorts of beautiful nooks 
and crannies, precipices and lofty mountains. There is some fish- 
ing and hunting, the opportunity for viewing and sketching is very 
great. The air is cool and delightful in summer. 

Emigration and Parley's canyons have in them many camping 
parties all summer long, and will be far more popular now that the 
railroad is built there and they can be reached in an hour or two. 
Though the scenery is not remarkable, people like to camp there 




I.AKK K1,i)|;KN<'K, lili. r.)l loNWuoli i AN^mN 



OF SALT LAKK ( ITV. 57 

because of so many ranches where they can get the freshest and 
purest milk, butter and all sorts of farm products while enjoying 
the pure air and quiet retirement. There is also good hshing in 
the creeks, and some hunting on the hills. 

By far the most popular icsort in the Wasatch is at ihe head 
of Big Cottonwood, at an elevation of 8, coo fi et above the sea. 
This is reached either by stage or the D. & R. G. W. Ry. from Alta. 
It is about a day's ride from the City by stage. A twelve mile 
drive down the valley brings us to the mouth of the canyon, whose 
precipitous w^alls rise several thousand feet above us and the can- 
yon is so narrow that there is scarcely room for the road beside the 
roaring cataract, the latter being seldom more than fifteen feet 
wide. The way crosses and recrosses the stream many times in 
the course of a few miles; the scenery is grand. After a few miles 
up this rugged way the road comes out into an open canyon with 
innumerable side canyons of all sizes and forms, terminating in 
the mountain ridges far above us. On all sides are clumps and 
occasional groves of pines, spruces and firs; while flowers are on 
every hand. As we ascend w'e pass by Argenta and by several 
sites of old saw- mills. Farther up we climb over the terminal 
moraine of an ancient glacier, loo feet high or more, where .great 
boulders are piled up in wild confusion, some being as large as a 
house, and all forming a rampart entirely across the canyon. We 
pass by a number of little waterfalls and many cool springs; and, 
as we near our journey's end, come to luxuri.int meadows, and at 
last to a beautiful alpine lake, fringed with green meadows, sur- 
rounded by dark evergreens, and hedged in by rugged rocks and 
snowy peaks. This is Brighton's, where are a number of summer 
cottages, a hotel, and many beautiful little spots under the pines 
where tents can be pitched. This lake is onl}' one of a series 
which are situated in terraces caused by the great glacier which 
made the vast amphitheater, the head of Big Cottonwood, and on 
whose disappearance piled up terminal moraines in semi-circular 
form, making basins behind them which, on the melting of the ice, 
were filled with water and now as lakes are the delight of every- 
body. There are many fish in the lake, the real mountain trout, 
the speckled beauties, and the streams are full of them abo. This 
place is a perfect garden wherever you go. ' The mountain sides 
are blue with lupines and red for acres with painted cups; there 
are broad patches literally covered with the magnificent colum- 
bines, s'everal times larger than the cultivated ones, and varying 
from lavender through cream to pure white; the moist hillsides are 
covered wdth deep blue larkspurs, aconites and purple willow 
herbs, all as high as one's head; the meadows are decked with 
strawberry blossoms, pink clovers, yellow five-fingers, golden rods, 
senecios and arnicas, purple asters and geraniums, white everlast- 
ings, blue gentians, polemoniums, and phacelias. As we climb the 




A WASATCH I.AKK HV MooNI.!' .Ill . 



Or<' SALT LAKE CITY. 59 

mountain following up the tumbling stream we can see masses of 
blue mertensias bending over the water, dangling close to it and 
sparkling with spray are multitudes of mosses and yellow mimulus, 
mingled with grasses and sedges and a profusion of snow-white 
troUius, cardaminiis and calthas, creeping willows, fringed parnas- 
sias and in the clefts of the rocks are delicate ferns. We pick our 
way up the falls and saunter past the lakes, one by one, finding 
new flowers at every turn, till just above the uppermost lake we see 
a large snow-bank from which little rivulets are trickling down; 
growing almost within reach of the snow are little purple epilo- 
biums, 3^ellow crowfoots, white cresses, saxifrages and arenarias. 
As we toil upwards to get a view from the highest summit, we see 
the elegant Parry's primula, with its velvety clusters of large 
maroon colored flowers, the yellow flax, the clumps of ivesias 
resplendent with golden blossoms, the very fragrant Nuttall's gilia, 
the white and purple pentstemons and yellow eriogonums. In the 
clefts of the rocks are the brilliant King's aster, the pure white 
jamesia, purple saxifrages, trailing sedums, and beautiful ferns. 
In the basin below, around the lakes, the pines and spire-like 
spruces and firs are everywhere; around us, above the lakes, they 
are scattered in clumps or singly, some tall and straight and others 
four or five feet high and dwarfed out of all semblance of their 
normal shape, being flattened out on the top like a well-trimmed 
hedge, with the branches so intricately interwoven that the top is 
inpenetrable, the whole looks as though it had grown under the 
weight of a great snow bank all its life. Near by are mats of the 
trailing juniper a yard or more in diameter. As we approach the 
top of Clayton's peak the trees disappear and the summit is bare, 
except little grassy patches of meadow where there is very short 
grass full of dwarfed white and purple asters, white cresses, and 
the blue-starred forget-me-nots with the hoar frost still clinging to 
the beautiful flowers set in masses of moss-like leaves; near by are 
the wooll}' actinellas, a span high, with great golden flowers, four 
inches across, covering all the rest of the plant. How strange it is 
to find such showy flowers on a peak 12,000 feet above the sea and 
above the timber line, with snow-banks all around. The view is 
grand in the extreme, never to be forgotten. Beneath you to the 
westward lies Alta, in full view, and nearly a mile in perpendicular 
distance below. The mountains around it are honeycombed with 
tunnels and spotted with mining dumps. Beyond, the great moun- 
tain wall runs out to the Twin peaks, 11,500 feet high, in a ridge so 
narrow that it looks like a knife-edge, but high as it is, it is not 
high enough to shut out the view be3'ond. We can see the north- 
ern edge of Salt Lake City, the silvery looking Lake, the islands 
and even the mountains on the farther shore, 150 miles away. To 
the westward, the Oquirrhs stand out in full view, their snowy 
summits glistening in the sun. We can almost see over to Utali 




LAKt BhANCHK, BIG COTluNWoOl) OA^Vu^. 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 61 

lake, and can readily behold th^ mountains beyond it. On the 
south Mt. Nebo towers up cold and white, and between are mazes 
of peaks and ridges, canyons and dark hollows, precipices and 
grassy slopes in bewildering variety. Immediately in front and far 
below us is the rugged American Fork canyon with its wealth of 
forests, flowers and silvery streams. On the southeast is Provo 
valley with its pretty towns and farms. East of us rises the smoke 
of Park City only a few miles away, but out of sight; farther off 
are the snowy Uintas. To the northward the serrated ridges, 
with countless peaks, run in a long line as far as the eye can reach. 
There is range upon range all spotted with snow and black with 
evergreens. Beneath us lies the canyon from which we came. 
The several lakes nestling among the rocks and firs are emerald 
green, the hotels, cottages and white tents are in plain view, and 
seem so close that we could almost call to thsm, and yet when we 
speak our voices sound faint and far awa}\ Descending to Alta, 
we find a pleasant hotel and quite a little town, there are horses to 
be hired, so that we can ride over the divide 10,000 feet above the 
sea and get a grand view on our way to Brighton's. Stopping 
over night at Alta, we find that it freezes almost every night in the 
year, and plenty of blankets are necessary to' sleep comfortably, 
a delicious relief in the middle of July. The next morning it is 
very late before the sun peeps over the great mountain wall behind 
us, and there are many places that it never reaches. In the after- 
noon after visiting the mines and going down hundreds of feet, 
through dripping shafts and gloomy tunnels, we are ready for a 
trip down the D. & R. G. W. tramway. The cars are only little 
things, about six or eight feet long, and fitted with three seats. 
They are provided with strong brakes manipulated like those on a 
wagon. When we are all on board the brake is loosened and away 
Ave go, the grade is 300 feet to the mile and the way we spin around 
curves, through snow-sheds and over bridges, is exhilarating and 
even exciting. The distance down to the mouth of the canyon is 
nine miles, and all the way there is a succession of magnificent 
scenery. Beautiful waterfalls appear on either hand, there are all 
sorts of gorges and rocky slopes, and the mountain walls tower 
thousands of feet into the sky. Once a great glacier plowed its 
way down this canyon scooping it out into the shape of the letter 
U, and in looking down the canyon it appears like a huge trough 
leading to the valley. Half way down there is a great pile of 
granite boulders 50 to 100 feet high filling the canyon, that was a 
terminal moraine ages ago. This is the only canyon in the Wasatch 
that had a glacier through its entire length and emptying directly 
into the ancient Lake. As we approach the mouth of the canyon 
the rocks turn to granite, and rise in dome-like masses thousands 
of feet high. Here immense boulders have detached themselves 
and rolled down to the bottoxii. 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. Q^. 

After turning so many curves that we have lost all track of 
the points of the compass, but are all the time near the torrent 
that flows onward with deafening roar, we shoot out into the sta- 
tion at Wasatch. Here we see pleasant booths, where many come 
to camp and enjoy the beauties of Nature. The whole canyon, 
from Alta down, is one of the most delightful places in which to 
spend the summer; it is only two or three hours ride from the City 
by rail, and leads over into the finest camping in the Wasatch — 
at Brighton's. 

American Fork canyon opens into Utah valley and can be 
reached most easily by the Utah Central or the D, & R. G. W. at 
American Fork station. Teams are always to be had to take you 
up the canon as far as you want to go; it is only five miles to the 
mouth where the magnificent scenery begins. This canyon reminds 
one of the Royal Gorge or Cheyenne canyon at Colorado Springs, 
but it is more lofty and picturescjue than they. Of its kind this can- 
not be excelled in the Wasatch, though the mouth of Big Cotton- 
wood is not far behind. There is a succession of charming places 
all the way up to Deer creek, where there is a little valley and a 
most beautiful camping spot under the tall and majestic spruces. 
Here weeks could be spent in excursions in all directions, never 
twiae in the same place either, where flowers in endless variety are 
to be found, brooks, waterfalls and cascades in abundance, and all 
the climbing and grand views that heart can wish. 

On the eastern side of the Wasatch, and reached at present 
only by the Union Pacific, are many fine places. Along the Weber 
and up to East canyon, there is the finest trout fishing in Utah. 
Many parties go up there annually. At Parley's Park, just below 
Park City, is a very delightful place to spend the summer. It is so 
high that the nights are very cool and pleasant, the best of milk 
and butter and farm products are to be had in abundance, there is 
trout fishing in the streams and hunting on the hills, there are 
extensive meadows and grassy swards for camping, plenty of pure 
cold water, and the lofty W^asatch mountains are so near that daily 
excursions can be made to them, that will richly reward the artist 
and naturalist. Just over the divide on the Provo are the famous 
Midway pots. These were form.ed by volcanic action. The hot 
water coming up through fissures deposited lime on the surface and 
gradually formed mounds, hollow in the center, and built them up 
till they were arched over forming great urns many feet around 
and deep, and filled with clear warm water. These are very de- 
lightful to bathe in and also very beneficial to many diseases. 

To the artist and hunter wishing to see Nature in all her na- 
tive wildness, the are few places superior to the grand old Uintas,. 
the loftiest mountains of Utah. These are reached along the 
Weber or the Bear, both on the Union Pacific, loing to Wanship' 
by rail, we there hire a team to take us to the mountains; we can. 



64 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS. 

get to our destination in a da}-, but for pleasure's sake we take 
short stages, and at every camp spend hours in fishing, catching 
all we can carr)' almost every time we go out, and the finest trout 
too. Tlie valley of the Weber is a broad one nearly all the way 
to the Uintas. We ascend gradually till we are among the sub- 
alpine meadows nearly 9,000 feet above the sea. Here are aspens 
in abundance and groves of majestic spruces, beautiful grassy 
plats under the trees, beautiful lakes filled with fish, sparkling 
cascades and waterfalls, rocks and cliffs, fallen timber, the finest 
fuel, and all sorts of game both large and small. The flowers are 
fully as plentiful as in the Wasatch, and there are many new kinds. 
The grouse are very abundant; one need not go out a day without 
bringing home a deer; there are many elk and some bear. Here 
it freeJces every night in the year, but the days are warm and pleas- 
ant, the skies are clear but with an occasional summer shower. 
The great peaks are some ten miles off, rising gray and bleak 
against the sky. 

The most enjoyment will be found in going into the Uintas at 
the head of the Bear, for there we get amongst the great peaks at 
once. W^e can leave Coalville or Hilliard and go by team to our 
destination. Should we select Coalville, we would drive up Chalk 
creek for fifteen miles and camp under the huge cottonwoods, a most 
excellent place. Here some can fish and some hunt and be almost 
certain of bringing home a deer lor supper. The next morning, as 
soon as the party start, they are amongst the chickens and can 
shoot till their shoulders ache, bringing down a wagon load of them. 
It is remarkable how many grouse congregate along this creek at 
times. In the middle of the afternoon the Bear river is reached, 
where the fishing is splendid and the camping all that the tourist 
can wish. The next morning, the way gdes up a very broad and 
open valley, past a number of large ranches, and the grouse shoot- 
ing is good all the way. Toward the afternoon the road leads 
through beautiful groves of aspens of great extent, over rounded 
knolls and down hollows formed by the might}' glaciers that swept 
down from the lofty peaks and spread out their debris for a dis- 
tance of twenty miles or more. This matter is composed of 
gravel, cobblestones and huge boulders, all rounded and polished 
by the action of the ice which carried them down. As we ascend, 
we pabs through lar^^e groves of spruces, firs and pines, while the 
open spaces are covered with multitudes oi flowers. Before us 
the mountains are black with timber, as far as the eye can reach, 
and above the dark forests is the long line of peaks, running east 
and west, and glistening with their mantles of snow. As we still 
ascend, the trees become the rule and the openings the exception. 
At last we pitch our tents under pines, on the grassy sv^'ard, 
and just at the edge of a beautiful alpine meadow, where the 
stream widens out into a long and deep pond, full of large trout. 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 65 

The meadow is carpeted with hixuriant grass and decked with 
wild flowers of every hue. On both sides of us the great U-shaped 
valley rises several thousand feet, clad with dark forests. In front, 
the immense peaks with their attendant walls tower into the sky 
nearly 14,000 feet above the sea, all lighted up with glistening 
snow. We are at an elevation of 9,000 feet above the sea, where 
we can lounge around, fish, hunt, sketch and study nature in all its 
phases. The geology of this place is intensely interesting, since 
here the glaciers held out the longest, and the evidences of their 
existence are as fresh as though they had melted but yesterday. 
The fishing is fine, and deer, grouse and elk are plentiful, and bear 
can be found by seeking them. The wealth of flowers is fully as 
great as in the Wasatch, while there are many kinds not found in 
any other mountains of Utah. The scenery here is vast, grand, 
and because of the work of the glaciers, destitute of narrow 
gorges and rugged canyons except at the heads of the streams, 
where all the magnificence of the Wasatch is multiplied till the 
views produce the sensation of sublimity and bewilderment. If 
we stand upon the summit of La Motte peak, over 13.000 feet 
above the sea, we are upon a narrow ridge above the clouds; a 
single step would precipitate us thousands of feet before we reach 
the bottom; the lofty trees so far below appear like tufts of grass; 
clouds float lazily beneath us; and through the rifts we see the 
silvery threads where the cataracts are flowing, but no sound comes 
to our far hight. Around us on all sides rise massive cliffs and 
precipices thousands of feet high, vast beyond all comprehension, 
and yet so well proportioned that they remind us of spires, castles, 
domes, cathedrals and amphitheatres, cut out of the rock by a 
giant bygone race. In the midst of the amphitheatres lie the beau- 
tiful, shining strings of pearls,- the alpine lakes, the last resting 
places of the mighty glaciers that perished there. Long ago these 
plowmen with overwhelming force, cut up the narrow canyons into 
broad and fertile valleys now covered with luxuriant grass and 
groves of trees, the homes of elk and deer. As we look down 
from our perch among the clouds, we see the long lines, a thous- 
and feet high, of rounded boulders which the glaciers left fringing 
the valleys on either side. Near the heads of the valleys we be- 
hold a series of massive embankments crossing them at right 
angles, forming beautiful lakes, as if the dying glaciers attempted 
to stop the rushing waters, and at each failure formed new dams 
higher up, and so on, till the last embankment lies at the very head, 
like a wall of freshly broken stones piled with great regularity and 
care, and still but half done, as if the glaciers had died but yester- 
day toiling at their tasks. As we look off over the peaks, we see 
an immense stretch of country. On the north the valley of the 
Bear lies spread out at our feet, we can see the Union Pacific rail- 
road twenty miles away and range upon range of mountains for at 



66 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

least loo miles beyond. On the west, Reed's peak is in the fore- 
ground, towering hundreds of feet above us, with its masses of un- 
melted snow, its black beard of fringing forests, its green lakes 
and silvery threads of water flowing from them. Farther off, 
nearly seventy-five miles away, rise the Wasatch peaks and we can 
even discern the Oquirrh mountains beyond. On the southwest, 
beyond the Uinta peaks, are many mountain ridges as closely com- 
pacted together as Ihe backs of animals in a herd, and far away on 
the horizon 150 miles off rises the camel's hump of Mt. Nebo gray 
and hazy, but still plainly visible. On the south we look over into 
many parks and can almost see the deer and elk feeding there in 
places almost untrodden by the foot of man; there is the head of 
the Duchesne; not far off head the Provo and the Weber; and at 
our feet the Bear starts on its northward way. East of us con- 
tinues the great Uinta range with its multiiudes of peaks, a num- 
ber of them higher than our own, and all rising far above the 
timber line, cold and bleak, with great masses of glistening snow, 
and yet at this time gorgeous with alpine and rare flowers, except 
on the very summits where are only piles of huge stones. How 
far we can see it is difficult to tell, but our horizon is not less than 
200 miles in diameter. No one can ever appreciate the vastness 
of this country until he ascends one of our lofty peaks, and by the 
assistance of our remarkably pure air, sees as far as the rotundit)'^ 
of the earth will permit, and that too at an elevation of nearly two 
miles above the face of the country. 

The most accessible places for summer retreats are along the 
D. & R. G. W Railway, for this road goes through one of the most 
beautiful canyons, though not the grandest in Utah. There are 
some very fine camping places in Spanish Fork canyon where it 
cuts through the Wasatch, especially near Thistle, and the scen- 
ery is very good; but the most beautiful places are from Soldier 
Summit to Price, especially in Price canyon. Strawberr}' Valley 
is one of the most delightful places in the Coal Range to spend the 
summer. Around P. V. Junction are very many delightful places 
for camping; the altitude is high and the air cool and bracing in 
the summer; the fishing is good, and it is but a short distance to 
as fine deer hunting as is to be found. The scenery is good and 
quite different from that described hitherto. The rocks belong to 
the Tertiary and are highly colored; the strata are very soft, but 
held up by alternating beds of sandstone, and are worn off either 
precipitously or abruptly into all sorts of fantastic shapes. North 
of P. V. Junction a few miles, one of the most beautiful views to 
be found anywhere occurs, and is worth going many miles to see. 
The place is on the divide between the Duchesne and Price rivers, 
just on the edge of the reservation. The Strawberry and the upper 
branches of the Duchesne are before you on the north, spread out 
in beautiful valleys and plentifully sprinkled with forests, all un- 







CASTLE GATE. 



68 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

touched by the hand of man. Farther off, perhaps 50 miles away, 
are the Uintas, running in a long line to the eastward, their snowy 
summits and long foothills in full view for over 150 miles. East- 
ward following the trend of the ridges in Emma's Park, on its 
western side, we can see the great fissure in the earth where the 
river flows, forming the massive canyon down which the railroad 
runs. Perhaps 10 or 15 miles to the southeastward the mountains 
suddenly disappear, leaving a sharp edge, and the eye can follow 
this line for a hundred miles, and if we were closer we should find 
this edge was a precipice between 1,000 and 2.000 feet high. We 
can see the valley beyond even to the Green river, and can follow 
the great escarpment far over into Colorado, seeing even the 
lofty mountains beyond the Book Cliffs near Grand Junction. The 
Sierra la Sal, a lone volcano, is visible far away to the southeast. 
South of us the Coal Range lies spread out before us as far as the 
eye can reach, its summits still covered with snow. On the west 
we see the Wasatch from Ogden to Juab rising narrow and jagged, 
like the bon}' and angular frame of a large man in his old age, be- 
ing only the frame-work of wliat the range once was when as 
young as its buxom daughter the Coal Range. Mt. Nebo towers 
far into the sky, and beyond it we see many other ranges for 
nearly 150 miles beyond us. Between the rifts in the Wasatch, 
we catch glimpses of other ranges far to the westward. The hori- 
zon is even greafir here and the view far more varied than the one 
obtained in the Uintas. In descending from P. \'. Junction on the 
railroad, the walls of the canyon rise rapidly and become more 
rugged till they form precipices, and tlie canyon narrows so that 
there is hardly room for the track and the stream. The park-like 
country that we have just left disappears entirely from view, and 
we glide gracefully around curves, crawl under great cliffs, and 
skim over the roaring cataract, our train twisting and writhing, 
going south, west, north and back again, till we hardly know where 
we are, and all too soon we hear the whistle reverberating among 
the cliffs as we stop at Castle Gate. The scenery here is beautiful 
beyond desrription. At our feet, with deafening roar flows the 
Price river, a great over-grown mountain torrent, rushing, leaping 
and tumbling over and around the massive boulders that clog its 
course. Close by are tall pines in a lovely grassy plat of several 
acres, and a profusion of strange and beautiful flowers on all sides; 
while above us, in whose shadow we are, the great red portal 500 
feet high towers almost to the zenith. All around us are alcoves 
with tier upon tier of variously colored rocks, some red, some yel- 
low, some white and others black with coal, the whole rising nearly 
2,000 feet, almost in a precipice, till on the top even the large trees 
look like stunted bushes. A person might spend a month explor- 
ing the innumerable side canyons and recesses, where every turn 
brings new features; on every point are battlements and stony 




CA-TLK (_,aTK, \lE\Via) lUuM lllh CANYON. 



70 RESOUKCES AM) ATTKACTIOXS 

sentinels to dispute our way; in every recess are many tiers of 
trees standing like armed warriors; there are castles and towers 
on each salient point, hundreds of feet high, crowning the preci- 
pices. This place is unique, and there is no pleasanter one for the 
invalid, tourist, artist or sportsman where health and beauty, gran- 
deur and sport, wildness and safety are so strangely blended. It 
will not be long before this place will be full of summer cottages 
and brightened with the white tents of campers. There is plenty 
of game on the mesas above, and some fishing in the river. It is 
only a short walk from Castle Gate out into the valley among the 
ranches. AU the way from the mouth of the canyon to and beyond 
Grand Junction there are mesas from one hundred to several hun- 
dred feet high, of beautiful hues, and sculptured by the action of 
the rain, into a bewildering maze of spurs and angles, ridges and 
hollows, in finer and more delicate lines than are often seen. 

CLIMATE. 

The climate of a countr}' is governed not only by the latitude,, 
longitude, proximity to the sea and elevation above it, but much 
more by the humidity (the temperature being determined by those 
first mentioned). Water increases greatly the radiation of heat 
from the body by making the clothing damp. The humidity, moist- 
ness, of a climate is therefore the cause of the penetrating cold and 
the chilliness, which are felt so much more than anything else. A 
temperature of zero'in New York is felt far more than 25 degrees 
below at St. Paul, simply because of the humidity. When the air 
is nearly saturated with moisture the dampness permeates every- 
where, making the clothing damp and chilling a person to the bone, 
even if the temperature is considerably above the freezing point. 
The humidity also has another very important bearing in hot 
weather. Air nearly saturated with moisture is a good conductor 
of heat, and so, in moist localities, there is no place either in the 
shade or in the sun where any great relief can be obtained from the 
oppressive heat; sunstrokes are therefore common, and it is about 
all people can do to endure the sweltering heat; perspiration stands 
out in drops on the victim to such a climate, because the already 
saturated air cannot take up any more moisture, and so it 
must be wiped off or be allowed to saturate the clothing and 
thus prepare the sufferer to catch cold as soon as the temperature 
lowers or a breeze springs up. It is evident that these annoyances 
will be in proportion to the humidity, and the dryer the air the less 
will they be felt. In addition to this, malaria is in direct proportion 
to the humidity, and the proximity of swamps will increase it. 
Another element often overlooked is the intolerable insect pests and 
the heavy dews of a humid climate which rob out-door life of most 
of its charnib. Again the terrific storms and cyclones that, sweep 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 71 

over the country, keeping people in constant dread, and the fre- 
quent rains that sometimes last for days, shrouding everything in 
gloom, and preventing all out-door amusements are elements more 
or less burdensome. In a humid climate one of the most tiresome 
things in summer is the inabilit}' to sleep, caused by the air not 
cooling off in the night; this becomes a real trial, especially to the 
weak and sickly. All these things are almost entirely relieved in 
Utah. It is, of course, to be understood that Utah is not a pan- 
acea for all the " ills that flesh is heir to," but it commends itself 
to reason that a climate directly the opposite of a humid one will 
relieve or cure most of its maladies. On the other hand the pow- 
erful stimulus given to the system by pure, dry air and high alti- 
tudes, and the invigorating effect of our late fall and short winter, 
are in great contrast with the long and severe winters of the east, 
and the monotonous, unstimulated, winterless winters of the south- 
ern Pacific coast. It is undoubtedly true that a climate where there 
is no difference between Christmas and the Fourth of July, where 
every day is like every other except for the dust, is a first-class 
place to die in; but, to live, we want a climate that will stir up our 
energies, that will bring out all our powers and keep us alive and 
aggressive without making us suffer because of its rigor; this we 
have in Utah. 

Suppose a stranger comes here from the east, the first thing he 
notices is the buoyancy and elasticity of his step, he can hardly 
get enough air into his lungs and he expands them and takes long 
draughts with as much relish as he would so much cool water when 
nearly famished with thirst, his clothing feels warm and dry, all 
his vital powers are quickened and he enjoys everything with a 
keen relish. Suppose he comes here in October. The air is de- 
lightful, just cool enough to give spice to everything. At first the 
day temperature runs from 70 degrees up to 80, but each day it 
grows a little cooler. The skies are clear, and just as the haze is 
beginning to accumulate we are favored with a shower which clears 
the air and drops about a quarter of an inch of rain in the valley, 
and tinges the lofty mountain peaks with white. These showers 
occur on an average once a week during October. Following the 
rain, we may have a slight frost which gradually turns the aspens 
to gold and the maples and oaks to crimson on the mountains, till 
at length the painting is gorgeous wherever the eye falls upon the 
hills. Each day is a little cooler than its predecessor, but there 
are no chilling blasts, no snow, nor drizzling and drenching rains, 
it is more like the Indian summers of the States but with far less 
haze. October shades off into November, the showers come every 
four or five days, but not so much in quantity each time, the snow 
creeps down the mountains, the night temperature goes to or a 
little below the freezing point, and the day at first is about 45 de- 
grees but gradually lowers to 32 at the close of the month, while 



72 RESOURCES AM) ATTRACTIONS 

the night is from five to ten degrees lower, but yet no storms other 
than the brief showers. The streets continue dusty through this 
month and up to Christmas. December is a continuation of the 
preceding month, but still colder, with showers or rarely a flurry 
of snow, seldom exceeding a tenth of an inch at a time but coming 
every third day till Christmas, when either just before or just after 
it we have our first snowstorm, which ushers in our "cold snap," 
as Salt Lakers call it, which lasts for two or three days or even a 
week, when the thermometer goes down nearly to zero for a night or 
two. Sometimes our cold spell comes in November and sometimes 
in January. In January the flurries of snow come every third day, 
sometimes melting as fast as they fall and at other times remaining 
on the ground, till we have four or five inches, but the snow soon 
melts off so that by the close of January the ground is bare and 
spring weather begins. During the whole of our six weeks of what 
we call winter there are no blizzards. The sun is shining brightl}' 
most of the time, and the cold is quite steady what there is of it; 
the mean daily range is about 20 per cent, less than that of Los 
Angeles during the same time. In the early part of I-'ebruary there 
are more or less falls of snow that usually melt as they fall, but bj' 
the middle of the month flowers are generally in bloom on the 
bench back of the City. The number of rainy or snowy days is 
about the same as in the preceding month. What wind there is 
comes from the south or east and is warm. The average move- 
ment is less than five miles per hour. March warms up gradually; 
there are about two showers per week in the valley, and if they 
come in the night there is a little snow on the ground at sunrise, 
but it is gone quickly. The streets soon get dusty only to be mois- 
tened up by the next shower, and b}' the latter part of the month 
or the first of the next, the fruit trees are in bloom and the gardens 
are all made. The wind movement is less than five miles per hour; 
we do not experience those proverbial March gales so common in 
the east. The average temperature has now risen nearly to 60 de- 
grees. With the advent of April come the warm showers aver- 
aging a quarter of an inch at a time, and coming a little more 
often than twice a week, but lasting onlj' a few hours at a time. 
The warm south winds also help greatly to bring all the vegetation 
into full blast. By the eighth of the month the last frost has come 
and gone. The wind is but slightly over five miles per hour. 
Everybody looks for the showers with delight, a hard clap of thun- 
der is a curiosity. No one fears a tornado, for we never have any. 
The drizzling rains lasting for a week and the sombre clouds ob- 
scuring the sum for many days we never have. Fogs occur per- 
haps once or twice for a part of a day during the year, enough to 
show us what we have escaped by coming to Utah. In May there 
is one shower a week and on a number of other days we have little 
sprinkles, by the close of the month the temperature has risen to 



OF SALT LAKP: CITY 



73 



70 degrees and the bathing at the Lake has begun. In June there 
are three showers every two weeks; the daily temperature has 
risen to 75 and even 80 degrees by the end of the month; the wind 
movement still continues about five miles per hour. The snow has 
disappeared from all the mountains, the streams are running full 
with water from the melting snows, fruit begins to ripen, the crops 
are coming on excellently, the schools are closing and everybody 
is getting ready for the summer holidays. Before the month is up 
there are many camping parties scattered all through the moun- 
tains, fishing, hunting and enjoying the cool and even frosty nights, 
while those remaining in the City are going by thousands daily to 
enjoy the delicious bathing in the Lake. In July there are about 
two showers every three weeks; the average temperature is about 
76 degrees and the night temperature often goes below 60 degrees, 
so that there is seldom any inconvenience or difficulty about sleep- 
ing well; the dry air whi.h gets heated up during the day cools off 
rapidly as soon as the sun goes down. August has more showers 
than July and is cooler. September is still cooler than August and 
is about as showery. People begin to return from their vacations 
refreshed and ready for another year's work. This is the round of 
Salt Lake's climate, and it differs but little from year to year. 
One great feature of our location is our proximity to the mountains 
where we can get any weather we may desire. Suppose a person 
should become tired of the summer weather, as is very liable to be 
the case in the east, his only solace there is that it cannot be helped, 
and he must sweat it out; but here all that is necessary is to ride 
25 miles on the train and he is in the heart of the mountains at an 
elevation of 8,500 feet above the sea, where it is so cool that it 
freezes every night in the year, and so he can roll up in several 
blankets and enjoy Nature's sweet restorer, sleep. The value of 
such opportunities cannot be reckoned nor over estimated in com- 
fort or health. Is it any wonder that Utah people are proud of 
their climate and position which combine the advantages of the 
sea-coast (bathing), the cool mountain retreats, the products of 
agriculture and the conveniences of advanced civilization all in 
one? How pleasant it is to camp in the mountains or fish and 
hunt with the knowledge that we shall not be troubled with mos- 
quitoes, gnats, fleas, or jiggers; that there will be no dews or very 
little, to wet our feet and clothing; that if we are caught in a storm 
it will last but an hour or two and then clear off as fine as ever; 
that if the sun gets too hot we can stand in the shade for a few 
minutes and cool off to our satisfaction: and that on our return 
from the day's jaunt we can be sure of a refreshing s:eep and full 
recuperation for the duties of the morrow. 

In order that the reader can have opportunity to see for him- 
self the proof of what has been said about our climate, the writer 
has appended tables taken from the published reports of the U. S. 



74 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

Signal Office, to give many details not already given. From these 
tables it will be seen that, take it all in all. Salt Lake has the best 
climate to be found, because the cities given are representative 
ones, and at least three of them have claimed that they have the 
"ideal climate." In table I, our rainfall is shown to be the least of 
all, save Denver, but the latter is more elevated, colder and far 
more windy, with much longer winters, and not superior in hu- 
midity. In table II we have a remarkable advantage over Los 
Angeles. Their rainfall comes almost entirely in the winter; there 
are three months when they have no rain at all, and for five months 
they have none to speak of, from the last of Ma}- to the first of 
November; the dust therefore must become intolerable. With us 
there are showers all through the summer, which help greatly to 
keep down the dust, as well as cooling and purifying the air. 
In wind movement we are far better off than any place except 
Los Angeles, from which we differ but little; from October to 
March, ours is only 3,183 miles per month. Though Denver has more 
showers than we, she also has far more wind. In the remaining 
tables several things are evident. The relative humidity of Salt 
Lake during November, December and January is somewhat 
greater than in Los Angeles, the actual humidity is hardly one- 
half that of the latter, while in the hot summer when the humidity 
is so injurious it is 100 per cent, greater in Los Angeles than in 
Salt Lake, and since the temperature there differs but little from 
ours in the same time, the difference in moisture will make the 
nights uncomfortable there and ours comparatively pleasant. Dur- 
ing the winter when sudden changes are so injurious. Salt Lake 
has the advantage over Los Angeles by nearly 100 percent. The 
variation in temperature here is only 8.7 degrees while there it is 
over 15 degrees, our cold weather being so steady makes it very 
invigorating. In April and May when we are having superb 
weather, Los Angeles is enjoying her almost daily fogs during the 
forenoons. By comparing Tables I\' and VI it will be seen that 
there is dew almost every night in the year except in the winter at 
Los Angeles, while here there is scarcely any dew at any time, 
thus doing away with those annoyances lo exercise during the 
coolest and best part of the day. It is also evident that Los 
Angeles has a perpetual summer, no fall, no spring, no winter; this 
is very good for those in the east who wish to escape the rigor- 
ous winters, and then return home, but as a place to live in, it is 
possible that people may long for the bracing air in fall, and 
not be able to get it, to arouse their sluggish energies. People in 
Salt Lake do not long for some place in which to spend the winter, 
they look forward to every season with pleasure, for each has its 
charms. Comparing Salt Lake with the east there is not a single 
point in which we are not far superior. Our winter is about as 
many weeks long as theirs is months; the humidity is so low here 



OF SALT LAKE CITY. 



75 



DEW POINT. Degress (1880-1884). 



TABLE III. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mch. 


Apr. 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Av. 


Salt Lake City 


12 


18.3 


24.3 


29.7 


33 


39.2 


40.7 


4.5.2 


37.2 


31.8 


22.3 


21.3 


29.1 


Los Angeles.. . 


37.2 


39.2 


46 


47 


50.8 


5.5.8 


58.1 


.58.9 


55.7 


49.5 


43.6 


41.3 


48,6 


Denver 


14.5 


14.1 


21.4 


26.9 


36.7 


46.(i 


47.3 


46.G 


36.8 


30.6 


20.3 


16.3 


29.8 


Daveui)ort,Ia. 


9.2 


19.1 


24.8 


37.2 


46.2 


59.8 


61.2 


60.1 


54.2 


45.5 


31.2 


18.8 


39 


Des Moities . . . 


8.1 


15.8 


24.8 


37.1 


45.2 


58.9 


61.1 


59.6 


52.5 


43.5 


28.4 


14.6 


37.4 


New York City 


21.8 


27.6 


27.9 


35.8 


45.9 


57.9 


61.6 


00.4 


56.9 


46.4 


34.1 


26.5 


41.9 


Jacksonville 


49.5 


53 


52.2 


49.4 


63.5 


70.5 


73.2 


1 72.2 


69.6 


65.5 


53.6 


50.7 


6L1 



RELATIVE HUMIDITY. (1872-1S79.) 



TABLE IV. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May 


Jun. 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Av. 


Salt Lake City 


61.1 


59.8 


51.7 


50.3 


45.8 


39.5 


3.5.8 


36.6 


36.3 


45.3 


54.9 


62.2 


48.3 


Los Angeles . 


62.8 


71.9 


72.4 


68.2 


67 


69 


68.1 


67.4 


69 


60.2 


51.9 


52.8 


66 


Denver 


52 


51.5 


46.4 


48.7 


45.2 


40.2 


44.5 


45.2 


43.9 


40.9 


47.1 


51.4 


46.5 


Davenport, la. 


77.9 


74.7 


71.8 


62.1 


62.9 


69 


67.7 


67.2 


69 


65.5 


71.6 


77.1 


79.3 


New York City 


70.2 


70.6 


65.5 


64.7 


62.2 


68.1 


69.6 


69.8 


72.1 


67.8 


68.3 


69.9 


68 


Jacksonville 


73 7 


70.3 


65.8 


65 


67.5 


7L3 


71.2 


73.8 


77.9 


73.4 


73.5 


72.7 


71.2 



ANNUAL TEMPERATURE. Degrees (10 years). 



TABLE V. 


a -^ 


(B 


P. 




0) 

a 


"3 




t 


o 


> 

o 


V 

<u 


n 




3 


"3 






A fe 


^ 


■< 


>i 


►^ 


•-s 


■< 


w 


O 


-A 


Q 


y 


CO 


m 


b^ 


Salt Lake* 


2^ j33,8 


42 


48 9 


51.7 


67.5 


75 6 


74 6 


64 1 


52 1 


38 6 


33 2 


51 2 


49 5 


72.5151.6 


32 


Los Angeles 


52 '.53 1 


54 7 


57 6 


61.8 


65.6 


68 2 


69.6 


67,5 


61 8 


57.4 


54 5 


60 4 


•58 4 


67-8 


62-7 


53.6 


Denver 


27 2 32-6 


40 


47.1 


5<! 4 


66 5 


72 4 


70 2 


61 5 


.50.5 


37 1 


31 2 


49 3 


47 4 


69 8 


49 6 


29.9 


Davenport, la. 


21 9128-3 


.35 6 


49.8 


61 6 


69.3 


74 7 


72 6 


64 4 


53 5 


38 2 


28 1 


49 8 


48 6 


72.9 


;.l 5 


25 6 


Des Moines.Ia. . . 


29 6132 1 


37 


47 


59. 1 


68.3 


73 4 


72 


66 


55.7 


43 2 


:i3 6 


51.3 


47 7 


71 5 


o4 6 


31.5 


Jackso nville Fla. 


57 4!61 4 


64 2 


69 6 


74 9 


80 7 


82 9 


81 


77. 7 


72 6 


62 5 


58.4 


70 2 


69 1 


81 4 


69.9|56.8 



*Taken from the report of the Signal Office to the Chamber of Commerce. 



RANGE OF TEMPERATURE UP TO 1884. Degrees. 



TABLE VI. 



Salt Lake City | l\^^ 
Los Angeles j ^}?f 

Davenport, la. j 5J?^_ 
New York City j ^f^ 
Jacksonville.. ^f^_ 



33 2 

25 

60 fi 

45-6 

36 

27 

26 

17.6 

33.1 

27 1 



3H.2 
28.4 
(II 8 
16.9 
40.9 
24 5 
32 9 
22.4 
ai 4 
28 6 



47.9 
36 1 
63 6 

48 5 

49 2 
30.8 

40 5 
30.2 

41 1 
33 7 



5 I "S s 



55.6 64.9 76 8184 8 
42 !40 9 .59 4'66.5 
66.7:71-7,75 9 80 
50-8i53 81.58-1:60 2 
53.4'61.I'77 883 1 
36 6 47 .56 1,617 



55-6 
43.2 
52 
43.8 



66 76 5 81 5 
56 !65.6i69.6 
6 44 74 178 4 
55.8 65 7170.9 



83-8 
65 9 
81 4 
60 9 
181 
60 
80.2 

67 4 
77 1 

68 3 



244 
1 33 
1|68 
ll49 
4,47 
3 [29 
2 42 
5I33 
4j46 
339 



Highest 
Q known. 



37 4 
29.2 

»63 3 
47 91 

38 7 
23. 9 
31.2 
24.1 
.36 I 
30 7i 



101 

103.5 

105 

98 

100.2 
104 



RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 



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OF SALT LAKE CITY. 



that we feel the heat but Httle and can escape what we have with 
ease; we have no drizzling rains, almost no fogs, no fierce and cold 
winds, we have 277 clear and fair days, everything to attract and 
nothing to repel in nature. 

HEALTH. 

The situation of Salt Lake City is all that could be desired 
for healthfulness. The natural drainage is excellent; there is a fall 
of 200 feet between the upper and lower parts of the City. The 
town is protected from wind, and slopes to the east and west. The 
City is underlaid by coarse gravel to the depth of many feet, and 
beneath the gravel are several strata of compact clay, beneath 
which is the artesian water, which cannot be contaminated from 
above. The water supply comes from City Creek, which is a tum- 
bling mountain stream of clear water coming from the heart of the 
range 14 miles aways, at an elevation of several thousand feet 
above the city. The waterworks are situated above the City, in 
the canyon, where there are four settlers or tanks from which the 
water pipes run to all parts of the City, giving all the pressure that 
is needed, and any amount can be obtained if desired. The lower 
wards are supplied from artesian wells at slight cost; this water 
carries about the same amount of lime as City Creek. A reservoir 
is now being built to add to our mountain supply, for a great quan- 
tity of water is used for irrigation as well as for the usual purposes. 
There is an abundance of water in Emigration, Parley's and Mill 
Creek, but the best water and in unlimited quantities is to be had 
in Big Cottonwood and Little Cottonwood; these will doubtless be 
brought in as fast as they are needed. Hitherto Salt Lake has had 
no sewerage system, because the people thought they needed none, 
but now an extensive system has been adopted and the pipes are 
contracted for and are to be put in at once. 

ANALYSES OF SALT LAKE WATER. 











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Carbonate of Magnesium 


00(;44 


0061 1(. 


.006.58 


.01086 


.01092 


.00783 


.00658 


00286 




Sulphate of Calcium . . 


.01849 


00099 


.00004 


.01413 


.02031 


.00384 


.00731 


00062 




Carbonate of Calcium 


00038 


014 


.01378 


.0118 


.01034 


.01843 


.00664 


.00392 




Chloride of Potassium .. 






.00326 




.00015 




.00165 






Sulphate of Potassium. . . 






.00159 


Trace. 


.00203 


.00057 




00036 




Alumina 




.0001 
















Silica 


001 


009 


001 9<1 


003,50 


00''44 


.09272 
.00007 


.00126 

* 


.00399 

* 




Organic Matter 


* 


* 


.000235 


.000143 


! 000091 




Other Matter 






.0002 


.00033 


.00(126 


.00018 


.00016 


. 00013 




Total 


0306 


.02435 


.028335 


.047923 


.051141 


.04266 


.0236 


01362 



* Organic matter not taken. 



78 RESOURCES AND ATTRACTIONS 

The bracing air sunny skies, and altitude neitlier too high nor 
too low, along with the great variety of fruits and vegetables, and 
the beautiful scenery and bathing, have made Salt Lake a natural 
sanitarium. Many places have some advantages, but it will be dif- 
ficult to find a place with so many as this city: Sea-bathing, sunny 
skies, the finest food, mountain retreats (within an hour or two of 
the City by rail, where any climate can be obtained), fishing, 
hunting, bathing and boating all in one. Here the invalid has the 
health-giving climate and can find an}' kind of amusement to 
occupy his mind, one of the most necessary things for speedy re- 
cover}'. Salt Lake is pre-eminently the place for those troubled 
with lung difficulties. In this all our doctors agree. We can point 
with pride to the consumptives who are not now in their graves, (as 
is the case with most of those who have gone to the Coast) but who 
are now alive and well after a residence of some years, and who 
look as though they would last as long as most of us, such persons, 
however, are more liable to succumb to acute attacks of lung 
trouble than those who never were thus afflicted, and they cannot 
expose themselves with impunity. We have many people here 
who have been apparently cured. All lung difficulties yield readily 
to treatment. Some persons who were beyond hope have had their 
lives prolonged several years by coming to Utah. 

This climate relieves asthma at once. The universal testi- 
mony of hundreds of cases is that the trouble disappears entirely 
within three days after the sufferers reach here, and it never re- 
turns unless they needlessly expose themselves, when they have a 
short attack to pay for their carelessness. 

We are remarkably free from fevers, and what we have yield 
readily to treatment. 

Skin diseases are not at all common. 

Bowel troubles are not so common with grown people as in 
the east. 

Our dry and equable climate is beneficial to kidney diseases. 

Our climate has a mollifying effect on almost all diseases. It 
acts as a powerful tonic. All troubles that are aggravated by the 
warm weather are greatly relieved by a sojourn in the mountains, 
where the coolness of fall and ths tonic effect of mountain air are 
combined. 

Salt Lake also has hot springs that are to become as famous 
as those of Arkansas. Within the City limits are the Warm 
Springs, reached by the street cars, wnich are much resorted to; 
they have a temperature of 103 degrees. 

Just outside of the City limits and reached by a bus-line and 
by two railroads are the famous Hot Springs, with a temperature 
of 128 degrees. These springs are undoubtedly superior to the 
famous hot springs of Arkansas, and the patient runs no risk here 
of acquiring malarial fever while getting cured of his disease, as is 



OF SALT LAKE CITY 



79 



the case there. An analysis of these springs and also of those of 
Arkansas are appended for reference. 1 he latter flow from 20 to 
100 gallons per hour, while ours flow 20,000 to 30,000 gallons per 
hour. Our physicians say that these springs are very valuable in 
all cases of scrofula, abscesses, boils and troubles of that nature. 
They also say that the springs are invaluable for curing those who 
have been leaded, as the poison is soon taken out of them. Jn 
cases of sub-acute rheumatism they are specially valuable. 
Drinking these waters has a more powerful effect even than the 
bathing; quite a trade in it has sprung up. Pages might be filled 
with testimonials from those who have been cured, but the springs 
speak for themselves. 

ANALYSES OF SPRINGS. 





Beck's Hot 
Springs. 


Warm 
Springs. 


Arkansas 
Hot Spring.s. 


U. &. N. well 
at Depot. 


Sulphate of Sodium 

Chloride of. Sodium 


.95506 " ' 
.4334 


.77248' 

.01588 


.0115 
.0003 
.004 


.0083 
010(5 


Chloride of Magnesium 

Sulphate of Magnesium 

Citrbonate of Magnesium 


.0006 
0131 


.06957' ' 

.01907 


.03412 




0035 


Cliloride of Calcium 






Sulpliate of Calcium 

Silicate of Calcium 


.13668 


.0033 
.0139 
.1203 


.0046 


Carbonate of Calcium 


.03001 
.03761 


.03321 
.03388 


.0241 


Chloride of Potassium 


Sulphate of Potassium 

Alumina 


.007 

.0137 

.0567 

.042 

.003 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.0043 








.003 


Silica 


.00315 
Trace. 
Trace. 


.00212 


Organic matter 




Iron 






Iodine ... 




Bromine 








Water 








Volatile 








Other matter 










Total 


1.25871 


1.02845 


.259i2 


.0678 



There is considerable carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydroge gas in the first two 
springs. 



CONCLUSION. 

It is difficult to condense into so small a space even a brief 
statement of the resources and attractions of Salt Lake City. But 
this epitomized review may serve to give something of an idea 
of our rich and fertile region, and its magnificent climate and 
opportunities. 



INDEX, 



AGRICrLirKE, 

Americiin Fork Canyon 

AMLSEMENIS, 
Aimly>es-Cemeut, 15; Coal, 22, 13; 
Iron, i;i; Medicinal Spriutcs, 79; 
Fresh Water, 77; Great Salt Lake, 4ti. 

Artesian water 5,35, 

HatliiuK 

RKNEVoI.ENCES, 

BOA IING 

BUSINESS. 9; Business Houses, 11; 
Bauk Deposits, 11. 

Camping 57,59,61,63,64. 

Canneries 

Cement 

Cliautauqua 

Chemical works 

CiUKCHES 

City Creek 30, 

Climate 

Coal 13, 

Coke 13, 

Cotton . 

Dairy— Butter, 41; Cheese 41; Cream- 
eries, Iti, 41. 

Debt 

Dew Point Table 

DISEASES 78, 

Engravings 21, 31, 56, 58, 60, 62, 67, 

Farina 

Flora of Utah 

Flowers 40, 55, 57, 59, 64, 

Fire Department 

Fishing 36, 41, 64, 

Fi-h Ponds 

Forage 

Fort Douglas 

FKUirS 38.39, 

FUEL— Charcoal, 13, 22; Coke, 13. 21; 
Firewood 23. 

GARFIELD 

Glaciers 57, 61, 64, 

Grain— Barley. 37, 38; Corn, 37; Oats, 
37; Rye, 37; Wheat, 37. 

Granite 16, 

Grasses 

GREAT SALT LAKE, 42-55; Analyses 
Water, 46: Density, 4:{: Depth. 43; 
Dimensions, 4'i; Early Explorers, 
42; Islands, 44; life, 44; Sailing, 52. 
55; Storms 44, 47, 4.s. 55. 
Guiinv cloth 

Hay, 3M; Alfalfa. 37; Esparcet, 38; 
Lucerne 37. 

HEALTH 

Honey 

Hops 

Ho>|>itals 

Hotels 

Hot Springs 63, 

INFORMATION. 30; Newspapers, Li- 
br.iries, etc.. 

Inserts 

Iron 

Irrigation 36, 

Latiorers 
LAKE PARK 
MANUFACTURES 11,12,15,16,23,36, 

Marble 16, 

Mill way Pots 

MINERALS ,. 9, 10, 14, 16, 26, 

M IN KS A N D M IN ING 

MOUNI'AIN RESORTS — American 
Fork Canyon 



14 
35 
27 
15 
35 
10 

15,39 
16 

40,41 
37 
35 



Bear River 64 

Big Cottonwood 57 

MOUNTAINS. 40; Aqul. Coal Range, 
tie. t>«; 0(juirrhs, 47, 66; Uintas,63. 
64; Wasatch 28, (B, 68. 
Brighton's 57; Castle Gate, 68; City 
Creek, 30. .'i5: East Canvon, 63; Em- 
igration Canyon, 80; M'ill Creek, 30; 
Parley's Canyon, 30, 35; Parley's 
ParK, 63; Pleasant Valley, 116: Straw- 
berry Valley, 06; Sjiauish Fork Can- 
yim, 66: Weber River, 63, 64. 

Natural Gas 27 

NEEDED MANUFACTURES 12 

Nuts— ,\linouds,40; Peanuts, 49 : Wal- 
nuts, 4(1. 

Ogdeii Iron Works 

ORDERLINESS 

Petroleum 

Plaster of Paris 

Police 

POST OFFICE- Business 

Potatoes 

PROFESSIONAL MEN 

Poultry 

Prices"of Produce 

PROTECTION 

RAILROADS 7,8.16,37 

D. it R. G. W., 8, 9, 17, 61, 63, 66; Salt 
Lake & Fort Douglas, 5. 18; Salt 
Lake & Eastern, 5; Salt Lake <t Wes- 
tern, 17; Union Pai-ific, 8, 16; Utah 
Central, n, 9, 17; Utah & Nevada, 
9, 17; Utah & Northern, 8, 17. 

RAILROADS PROPOSED 18 

C. B. & (i , 20; Colorado Midland, 8; 
C. R. I. & P., '20; D. & R. «., 8, 20; 
Pacific Short Line. '20; Salt Lake & 
Lo.s Angeles, 19; Utah Midland, 20; 
Wyoming, Salt Lake & Cala., 20. 

Rainfall Tables 75 

Itaisins 38 

Ranges 40, 41 

REAL ESTATE 5,6 

Relative Humidity Table 75 

Salt 12 

SALI' LAKE CITY 8,4 

Salt Luke City as a Busines Centre . . 7 

SCHOOLS 32 

Scenery 20, 27, 59 60, 64, 70 

Seasons 71 

Society 32 

Soil 35 

Stock— Cattle, 16, 41; Goats, 4; Hogs, 
16, 41; Horses, 41; Mules, 41; Sheep, 
Ifi, 41. 
Structural Material— Building Stone, 
Geodic Limestone, '24; Granite, 16, 
33; Limestone, 13, 1.5, 24; Oolitic 
Sandstone, Hi. '23; Slate, 23. 

Telegraph Business 10 

Temperature Tables 75 

Terra Cotta 15 

Univer.-.iiy Club 32 



Vegetables 

Views 
WA(i()N ROADS 

Warm Springs 

Water Snpnly 

Water Analyses (see Analyses) 

WEALTH 

WEATHER 

Wind Movement 



30, 48, 49. .M, 61, 64, 66 

20 



6, 7 

71, 73 

70 



Established 1864. 



P. Auertach & Bro., 



SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. 



LEADING JOBBERS AND RETAILERS OF 



WM^ ID17 ^^©i^^^ 



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CARPETS, LINOLEUMS, BOYS, AND YOUTHS' 

STYLISH CLOTHING, HATS AND 

FURNISHING GOODS, Etc. 



ONE PRICE TO ALL. WE ARE NEVER UNDERSOLD. 



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